Catechol Oxidase Lab

Catechol oxidase is an enzyme that speeds up the oxidation reaction when catechol is exposed to oxygen. When the reaction occurs, benzoquinone is produced turning the oxidized substance brown. It was hypothesized that the higher the concentration of catechol oxidase, the browner the substance will turn, and the faster it will achieve the color. In the present lab, different concentrations of catechol oxidase were mixed with pure catechol and the rate at which each solution browned was measured using a colorimeter.The results showed that the solution with the high concentration of catechol oxidase had the fastest rate at which it turned brown. However, it did not turn the brownest, the solution with the medium concentration of enzyme did. These results show that our hypothesis was both supported and not supported and it was concluded that increase in catechol oxidase concentration increases rate of turning brown but does not increase the level of brownness a substance becomes.Introduc tionHave you ever wondered why the inside of your apple turns brown if you leave it on the counter after taking a bite? This is because there is a compound within the apple called catechol which, when exposed to the air, becomes oxidized by the oxygen in the air and produces benzoquinone, which makes the apple appear brown (Andrew Clapper’s Online Journal, 2007). This chemical reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme catechol oxidase (Figure A.1). Enzymes are proteins in cells that speed up chemical reactions (Enzyme Procedure Guide, 2013). The catechol oxidase lowers the amount of energy needed in order for the catechol to be oxidized, which speeds the process up.Fig. A.1: The oxidation process of catechol with the help of catechol oxidase produces benzoquinone. (Enzyme Procedure PowerPoint, 2013)If you frequently eat apples you may have also noticed that different types apples brown at different rates. This is because each kind of apple has a different concentration of catechol oxidase (Daniela Finkel, 2013). Therefore, each apple has a unique speed at which it will produce benzoquinone, and turn brown.This experiment was designed to investigate the following hypothesis: The higher the concentration of catechol oxidase, the browner the substance will be, and the faster it will achieve the color (Enzyme Procedure Guide, 2013).Within the experiment, pure catechol was mixed with different concentrations of catechol oxidase and the rate at which each solution produced benzoquinone was measured. The amount of benzoquinone made throughout the trials was measured by using a colorimeter to measure the level of â€Å"brownness† of the liquid. The colorimeter worked by shining a light through the liquid and then measuring that light on the other side to see how much of it was absorbed.In this experiment, absorbance of blue light was measured because blue light is absorbed by the color brown. The amount of blue light absorbance was measured every 15 seconds fo r five minutes. Because enzymes speed up reactions, more enzymes would cause the reaction to be even faster.1Procedure/Materials and MethodsThe lab leaders and the Punk Rock Warlord prepared three different concentrations of catechol oxidase by extracting potato juice (because it contains lots of catechol oxidase). Pure catechol, a 5mL test tube, 1mL/5mL syringes, a colorimeter and water were also used. 4mL of pure catechol and 1mL of the highly concentrated catechol oxidase were measured with the syringes. Both liquids were then injected into the 5mL test tube. The 5mL tube was placed into the opening in the colorimeter and the lid of the  colorimeter was closed.The measure of absorbance of blue light displayed on the screen of the colorimeter was recorded every 15 seconds for five minutes. This procedure was repeated for two more trials, each with 4mL of pure catechol; one used 1mL of medium concentrated catechol oxidase and one used 1mL of low concentrated catechol oxidase.The independent variable was the concentration of catechol oxidase, the dependent variable was the rate of turning brown, there were no controls, there were three replications and the sample sizes were 11 (for high concentration) and 10 (for medium and low concentrations).Results SectionFigure 1 shows that before the rates began to plateau, the high enzyme concentration solution was turning brown the fastest. Table 1 shows that the high enzyme concentration had the fastest rate and that on average, it deviated from the mean more than the medium and low concentrations. Figure 2 shows that the high enzyme concentration solution was turning brown the fastest. Table 2 shows that the different rates each solution turned brown are statistically significant.Table 1: Average Rates of for High, Medium and Low Concentrations of Catechol Oxidase and the Absolute Average Deviations. Three different concentrations of catechol oxidase were added to pure catechol and the rate of change in the absorpti on of blue light (production of benzoquinone) was measured every 15 seconds using a colorimeter. Data shown as mean of % of absorption per minute. N=11 for the high concentration and n=10 for the medium and low concentrations. Concentration of CatecholAverage Slope (Rate) Abs. Ave. Dev. High 0.818 0.174 Medium 0.569 0.081 Low 0.196 0.120Table 2: T-Test Results When Comparing the Rates at Which Different Solutions Browned Three different concentrations of catechol oxidase were added to pure catechol and the rate of change in the absorption of blue light (because production of benzoquinone makes a substance brown) was measured every 15 seconds using a colorimeter. N=11 for high concentration and n=10 for medium and low concentrations. Enzyme ConcentrationsP-Value Low vs. Medium

Mulai Periyar Dam

Mullaperiyar Dam or Mullai Periyar Damis a masonry gravity dam on the Periyar River in the Kerala state of India. It is located 881 m (2,890 ft) above mean sea level on the Cardamom Hills of the Western Ghats in Thekkady, Idukki District of Kerala, South India. It was constructed between 1887 and 1895 by the British Government to divert water eastwards to Madras Presidency area (the present-day Tamil Nadu). It has a height of 53.6 m (176 ft) from the foundation and length of 365.7 m (1,200 ft).The Periyar National Park in Thekkady is located around the dam's reservoir. The dam is located in Kerala on the river Periyar, but the dam is controlled and operated under a period lease by neighboring Tamil Nadu stateSupreme court judgment came in February 27 2006, allowing tamilnadu to raise the level of the dam to 152 feet after strengthening it. Responding to it, Mullaperiyar dam was declared an ‘endangered' scheduled dam by the Kerala GovernmentMullai Periyar Damafter a few minor ea rthquakes in 1979 in regions surrounding the dam, security issues were raised over its security. Since then, both the Kerala and TN governments have been at loggerheads over the security issue. Later, experts from Indian Institute of Technology also examined the dam, and mentioned that the dam will not withstand an earthquake. What does the TN government have to say about it?The TN government refutes allegations that age has withered the dam. There are arguments that if the world's oldest Kallanai dam (built in the second century AD) in Srirangam in Tiruchirapali district is still functional and continues to irrigate about 4,000 sqkm, why can't the Mullaperiyar be as well. So, where do the two governments stand?The Kerala government's contention is that in case the dam breaks, the three dams downstream — Idukki, Cheruthoni and Kolamavu – will not be able to withhold the pressure, which will put the lives of 3.5 million people in the state. On the other hand, the TN gov ernment maintains that if the Mullaperiyar is demolished, it will create water scarcity in five districts  of the state, leading to a draught in the region.

An Inspector Calls Character Profile Essay

Arthur Birling Husband of Sybil, father of Sheila and Eric. He is the owner of Birling and Company, some sort of factory business that employs several girls to work on machines. He is a Magistrate and two years ago, was Lord Mayor of Brumley. Gerald Croft Engaged to Sheila. His parents, Sir George and Lady Croft, are above the Birlings socially, and it seems his mother disapproves of his engagement to Sheila. He works for his father’s company, Crofts Limited, which seems to be both bigger and older than Birling and Company. Sheila Birling Engaged to be married to Gerald. Daughter of Arthur Birling and Sybil Birling, and sister of Eric. Sybil Birling Married to Arthur. Mother of Sheila and Eric. Sybil is, like her husband, a woman of some public influecnce, sitting on charity organizations and having been married two years ago to the Lord Mayor. She is an icily impressive woman, arguably the only one of all the Birlings to almost completely resist the Inspector’s attempts to make her realize her responsibilities. Eric Birling Son of Arthur and Sybil Birling. Brother of Sheila Birling. Eric has a drinking problem He works at Birling and Company, and his father is his boss. Inspector Goole The Inspector is in his fifties, and he is dressed in a plain dark suit. He initially seems to be an ordinary Brumley police inspector, but (as his name might suggest) comes to seem something more ominous–perhaps even a supernatural being. Edna The parlour maid. Eva Smith A girl who the Inspector claims worked for Birling and was fired, before working for Milwards and then being dismissed. She subsequently had relationships with Gerald Croft and then Eric Birling (by whom she became pregnant).

ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

ART - Essay Example In this case, one can definitely say that the painting is not at all beautiful. On the other hand, if the painter uses same color shades all over the body parts, that painting can be considered as a beautiful one. In short, color combination plays an important role in deciding whether an artwork is good or bad. Different societies perceive beauty differently. For example, earrings, bracelets, chains, bangles etc are considered as beauty enhancing materials in some societies whereas in other societies, such things are not at all considered so. For example, David Beckham wears an earring in one ear. For many British and European people, that earring is definitely enhancing the beauty of David Beckham. â€Å"According to the BBC, "more lads than ever are buying jewellery - not for their girlfriends, but for themselves. Experts think it is because they are being influenced by famous kings of Bling, like David Beckham and rappers† (To pierce? Why pierce? He pierced). It is not necessary that an Indian or Chinese may consider the earring of Beckham as a beauty enhancing ornament. Many people do believe that earring enhance the beauty of females rather than that of the males. In short, beauty is highly individualistic and subjective and the perceptions of it vary from societies to

Methods of Pain Relief in Children Literature review

Methods of Pain Relief in Children - Literature review Example Research has shown that management of pain in children and infants is more often than not inadequate, despite evidence that pain in these age groups can be managed effectively and safely through proper dose adjustment and safe clinical practices. It is important to control pain in infants and children because of the unwanted and devastating consequences they have. Some evidence has shown that procedures performed in a neonatal period without proper control of pain can increase distress during future procedures like immunizations. In children, the memory of a bad experience on the first occasion of a procedure can increase the amount of pain and distress in subsequent procedures due to anxiety and anticipatory fear. Pain during procedures can lead to stress which can contribute to negative cognitive, social, physiological, psychological and emotional outcomes not only for their children but also for their family members. According to the American Academy of Paediatrics, "the concepts of pain and suffering go well beyond that of simple sensory experience. It has emotional, cognitive and behavioral components as well as developmental, environmental and socio-cultural.† Thus, it is very important to manage pain in infants and children adequately and appropriately. Such an effective clinical practice is possible through "thorough current knowledge of analgesics, age-specific doses, appropriate routes of administration and possible side effects." Another important aspect of pain management in children is that only pharmacological pain management is ineffective and for successful pain relief, "a family-centered approach combining pharmacological methods with psychological and behavioral methods is needed for the optimum comfort of children ».

Marketing strategies of the Sage Gateshead Case Study

Marketing strategies of the Sage Gateshead - Case Study Example The intention of this study is Sage Gateshead as a famous centre for musical performance, education and conference situated in Gateshead on the south bank of River Tyne, which is found in the North-East of England. It began operations in 2004 although it was launched sometimes back in 1950s. The location of Sage is part of the Gateshead Quays development which encompass the BALTIC basis for modern Art and the Millennium bridge of Gateshead. The Sage Gateshead region entails a â€Å"curvy glass and stainless steel† construction modeled by Foster and associates, Buro Happold who participated as structural engineer, Arup as an acoustic and Mott Macdonald – building services, with observations from Gateshead Quayside and Newcastle, Tyne Bridge and the millennium bridge at Gateshead. The entire planning and development process cost more than 70 million pounds, money that was contributed mainly using the National Lottery grants. The main outworker was Laing O’Rourke. S age Gateshead centre has a variety of patrons, mainly the Sage Group Plc who raised a big lot of money to have the construction in their name. They have also been playing vital role in supporting generous activities of the Sage Gateshead since its outset. The research analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis). The paper also answers vital questions concerning Sage Gateshead that helps to bring out a clear image of Sage Gateshead. ... It examines its history, facts and figures about Sage Gateshead, its marketing strategy and how it outshines its strongest competitors in the region. The paper also looks at its SWOT Analysis where it examines the strongholds of the company and its weak points and threats (Furnivall, 1999). Brief History of Sage Gateshead The Sage Gatehead’s Concourse is mostly compared to a large railway station or airport fatal and the hustling and bustling crowds and absolute scale of the space under the high-ceilinged roof surely induced that idea. However, the comparison continues since to get into The Sage Gateshead is to link together with other travelers on a voyage of musical exploration that started several years ago and has several achievable destinations (Foster and Sargent, 2007). The initial departure point was the identification for opportunities for the North East people to participate in live music whether as contestants, listeners or student were extremely restricted by inade quacy of facilities of the type that were present in almost every other provinces of England. This means that North Eastern region was lugging behind in terms of entertainment and learning about musical concepts. In early 1990s, through motivation from Northern Arts and artistes, the now famous pop group of Northern Sinfonia started functioning on plans for a new performance hall (Menon, et al., 1999). They were soon joined by the folk development group, the Folk works which hastily became obvious to all who believed that what was required was â€Å"more than just a performance hall† (Mcgregor, 2008). During the same time, it was noted that the region had several young individuals interested in

Stock Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stock Market - Essay Example I chose these stocks as a foundation for a diversified portfolio and would like to build positions in each company for long-term holdings targeting 5-10 years. With the exception of Yongye, these stocks are all industry leaders and corporate entities with large asset bases and established business/consumer products. I chose these stocks because I believe that they should not only outperform the market but also limit downside risk to preserve capital. Due to the requirements of the assignment, I chose my entry points for the stock purchases late in order to capitalize on building my position through purchasing at a lower initial price. Over the course of the investment cycle, from 5/27/2011 to 6/2/2011, the rate of return of each of these stocks can be seen charted in comparison to the S&P 500 Index, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, and the TSX Index. As can be seen in the chart above (from Yahoo Finance), YONG outperformed all stocks including the index over this period by a wide ma rgin, up over 30% on the period. Unfortunately, due to the weight of YONG in my portfolio vs. the other equities, this gain was not enough to offset losses, particularly in OMX which underperformed the Indexes by around 10% in this same period. AAPL outperformed the Indexes by a small margin, around 2% during this period. GOLD tracked the DJIA with very little deviation from the Indexes during this timeframe. I attempted a second purchase of OMX during this period to average down my entry price per share after the decline. Table 1: Buy and Sell Orders executed over the course of the project. Table 2: Buy and Sell Orders executed over the course of the project. Table 3: Portfolio – trading performance over the course of the project. Investment Analysis: In building my portfolio for the trading project, I wanted to implement the basics of a balanced portfolio by building positions in different sectors for the purpose of diversification. My interest in YONG was for rapid growth and in expectation of press release activity favorable to the company, and the stock was able to produce 30% gains over the course of trading which I locked in by selling a portion of my initial investment. The GOLD position can be considered as a hedge and also as a long-term investment in the future of the mining industry. My analysis of Randgold indicated that by owning the actual real estate in which the gold and other precious mineral reserves were located, this was a significant and appreciable asset of the company that indicated an undervalued state in the appreciating precious metals market. Furthermore, the company has the facilities for R&D in the precious metals mining sector which few other companies possess. In similar motivation, I chose Apple (AAPL) because of the leading effect of the iPhone, iPad, and other products in reflecting consumer lifestyle innovation through technology. I am impressed with Apple’s minimal debt load as a company, their international e xpansion prospects for product sales, and the financial position of the company as reflected in cash on the books, growing sales, expanding markets, etc. This company is the largest in the world by market capitalization and the benchmark of the NASDAQ index, outperforming on the ability

Research Critique Part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Critique Part 2 - Essay Example The study is from the journal of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists published in 2006. While HPV-16 vaccine has been shown to significantly prevent persistent HPV infections, the ultimate objective of the study is to validate whether the vaccine is also effective to prevent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2-3. In this study, risks and benefits especially on the use of placebo were identified and presented to participants. Voluntary participation was noted and participants were tested on HPV-16 infection before the onset of the study. Institutional approval was also obtained for a period of up to 48 months. Furthermore, informed consent was secured from the participating women and was readily available for revocation once the participant opts to withdraw from the study. In fact, 94 women were actually dropped from the list of participants due to consent withdrawal. Thus, although the study aimed at producing an acceptable evidence to promote the utilization of HPV-16 vaccine, human rights were still taken as of primary importance and the rights of the participants to withdraw from the study was exercised. The variables are explicitly stated in the research title and resemble the exposure variable and outcome variable. The independent variable includes the type of treatment applied, either the vaccine or the placebo depending on what the participant actually received. The incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2-3 was compared among the two treatment groups and therefore served as the dependent variable of the study. The data collection method was scheduled on day 1, month 7, and then 6-monthly thereafter until the 48th month. Genital samples for HPV-16 DNA, Pap tests, and antibody titers were collected during each collection time. This method was specifically formulated because CIN 2-3 may need a certain period

Social Construction of Race Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Construction of Race - Essay Example Or he might consider himself as European because, though he lived in Asia, he lives as a European still. In this case, the basis for race classification is not physical feature but the cultural values of the person. This indicates that we can never know for sure the race of the person by looking at them. 2. Media is one powerful tool in shaping a society’s culture, values and preference. At the present time, the media is used by everyone. And we mean every form media, not just television or radio. Nowadays, the power of social media with the dawn of the World Wide Web is clearly visible. It shapes how people think and believe. Media can actually be used to open the perspective of different nations, not just in critical events such as war, economy and politics but also other issues concerning education, women and crime. Because media can now encompass all ages and all races, it can be used to create a venue for open dialogue between different societies in order to create resolu tions for different problems, whether it’s big or small. It can open a nation’s eyes on how their own people believe in but it also can bridge the gap between different nations.

The ethical dilemma of the physicians orders for the care of a child Essay

The ethical dilemma of the physicians orders for the care of a child vs the parents disapproval - Essay Example This paper discusses an ethical dilemma involving physicians’ order for childcare and parents disapproval citing the moral issues involved. The paper discusses two bioethical principles and relates them to the aforementioned case. The document closes with a discussion on a value of personal morality and relates it to the morality of the larger group and society. An unnamed woman in Canada gave birth to six babies and physicians warned of their ill health and recommended blood transfusion for them. Two of them died before physicians in the hospitals where they had been born convinced their parents of how urgently the babies needed blood transfusion. The parents refused physicians to carry out the intervention and went to court seeking to stop officials forcing their way with the said intervention. The court then ordered some social workers who had taken custody of some babies seeking to secure treatment for them to return them to their parents (Birchley, 2010). The ethical dilemma in the case involved the decision on whether to assume physician’s moral obligation to ensure health of patients, in this case the infants, or whether to respect moral requirement of parents’ autonomy regarding actions on their children’s lives. Legal aspects of human rights to autonomy further complicated the case as the law supported the parents’ opinion that was based on their religious beliefs. The parents refused their babies to receive blood transfusion because their faith was against it. They were followers of Jehovah’s Witness and they remained adamant that they would have allowed any other treatment intervention as long as it did not involve blood. Jehovah’s Witness believers have strongly rejected any medical treatment including surgery that involves blood loss or reception. These believers have been proposing to have machines that can help recycle patient’s own blood to eliminate the need for a blood tra nsfusion. The Canadian

Piaget and Vygotsky Essay Example for Free

Piaget and Vygotsky Essay In this Essay I will compare and contrast the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. They both were influential in forming a more scientific approach to analyzing the cognitive processes of the child active construction of knowledge. They both developed their own ideas of child development and they believed cognitive development in children took place in stages. However they were distinguished by different styles of thinking. Piaget thought that children actively construct their own cognitive worlds and they adapt their thinking to include new ideas because additional information furthers understanding. He stressed that to make sense of our world we organize our Schemata or experiences. We connect one idea to another. We also adopt new ideas. Adaptation is by assimilation, which occurs when individuals incorporate new information into their existing knowledge into an existing pattern of behavior of schemata (example). Piaget refers to Schemata or schemas to the way we organize our knowledge. We can think our knowledge as units and each of them related to aspects of the world including actions, objects etc. (referencing ) Accommodation occurs when individuals adjust to new information. Piaget thought that equilibrium occurs when is a balance between assimilation and accommodation. He believed equilibrium schema is both the category of knowledge as well as the process of acquiring that knowledge. As experiences happen and new information is presented, new schemas are developed and old schemas are changed or modified. An example is, say a child sees a crow and a pigeon in the sky, and is told that they are birds. The child then forms a bird schema defined as something that flies. The next day, he goes out and sees a seagull, which easily fits into his existing bird schema. This is called assimilation, when we take new experiences/knowledge and put them in our existing schemas (or categories). The next day, a child goes out and sees a plane in the sky. Whilst this fits the definition of something that flies, it seems to be quite different than the other birds he has seen, and he is told that this is not a bird. To explain this, the child forms one large category of flying things, with two sub-categories; birds and planes. This process is called accommodation, where we change our existing knowledge structures to account for new information that doesnt fit. Piaget also believed that we go thought four stages in understanding the world. Each stage is aged related and consist of a distinct way of thinking, a different way of understanding the world. This theory is known as Piaget’s Stage Theory because it deals with four stages of development, which are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. ( referencing ) On the other hand, Vygotsky believed that children actively construct their knowledge. He gave social interaction and culture far more important roles in cognitive development than Piaget did. Vygotsky socio cultural cognitive theory emphasizes how cultural and social interactions guide cognitive development. He portrayed the child development as inseparable from social and cultural activities. Vygotsky argued, learning is a necessary and universal aspect of the process of developing culturally organized, specifically human psychological function (1978, p. 90). In other words, social learning tends to precede development. He believed that the development of memory, attention and reasoning involves learning to use the inventions of society, such as language, mathematical systems and memory strategies.( referencing) Piaget believed that development had to come before learning; Vygotsky believed that development and learning worked together though socialization and language. Vygotsky gave language a huge role in development. For vygotsky Language plays two critical roles in cognitive development. First language is the main means by which adults transmit information to children. Secondly, Language itself it is a very powerful tool of intellectual adaptation. Vygotsky believed that language develops from social interactions, for communication purposes. Later language ability becomes internalized as thought and â€Å"inner speech†. Thought is the result of language. Piaget thought that there was a connection between biological and cognitive development. Vygotsky believed that knowledge from social interactions spurred cognitive growth and development. Even they had really big differences; they both believed that social interactions played an irreplaceable role in cognitive development. Piaget thought that cognitive development is influenced by social transmission (learning from others). Vygotsky believed that social interactions were an instrument in development and that it heavily influenced thoughts and language. Piaget strongly considered that the developmental ages of students determined where they should be in the learning process. Vygotsky took that idea further by comparing the learner’s actual development to their potential development. He called this area of â€Å" zone of proximal development. ZPD is the range of tasks that one cannot yet perform independently, but can accomplish with the help of a more competent individual. For example, a child might not be able to walk across a balance beam on her own, but she can do so while holding her mothers hand. Since children are always learning new things, the ZPD changes as new skills are acquired. Piaget stages are hierarchical. Each of Piaget’s stages must be complete before moving to the next one. Vygotsky’s theory does not depend on time. Piaget stages imply that children cognitively develop on their own, without the help of someone or something. Vygotsky concentrates more on social interactions and aide given to a child when develops. Vygotsky Scaffolding is the kind of help, assistance and support that enables a child to do a task which they cannot quite manage yet alone and which it will help them in the future to be able to make that task or similar on their own. For example: In a school laboratory science class, a teacher might provide scaffolding by first giving students detailed guides to carrying out experiments, then giving them brief outlines that they might use to structure experiments, and finally asking them to set up experiments entirely on their own. ‘What the child can do with assistance today she will be able to do by herself tomorrow’ (Vygotsky, 1978, p.87). Both these educators contributed to the present day ideas of constructivist learning. Both offer some incredible insight into possible ways children learn and byusing there theories it is possible to create a more conductive learning environment for the child.

E-Bulletin Board System Essay Example for Free

E-Bulletin Board System Essay Chapter 3 Methodologies These Chapters provide, the research described the method of the research used and data gathering procedure, instruments and data processing techniques. Also provide the Technical Background, Theoretical and Conceptual Framework that will be tackling in this chapter. A. Technical Background In this study the main propose of our system is to create a reliable Computer Based Record Remittance System. In which we enhance the searching and updating the remittance of the employees of the Columban College specially the former employees that requesting the record of their remittances. The proposed system will use high level languages Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) for the system programming and for the style will be use Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and for the records of remittances will be used database (SQL). It can search and update files of the remittances that will serve as the records. The records will be in the database that the administrator can view and can search, add, edit, and update. The proposed system will use the software Microsoft Windows Apache Server MySQL PHP Pearl (WAMP); this software will be needed to run the system and to be able to use it. The theory given in Figure 1. 1 shows that the use of the process of model also tells us that every function within our company contains key elements that define our processes. The inputs that are needed to perform the process and the process define the step taken to create the output, and the outputs will be the product or services created. This theory help us in our proposed system to determine the functions of our inputs which are the records of the remittances that all data will be process in the way that data entries of all files that they want to store in the database. And the output will be the entered data that is now the new record, and it can use now as the original file in the company. C. Conceptual Framework This conceptual framework becomes the central theme, the focus, the main thrust of the study. It visualizes the idea of the proposed system that can access by the administrator. Figure 2. 0 Conceptual Framework The flow of the Figure 2. 0 uses a high level language Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) for the application programming and therefore the information source (Database, Searching, Adding, Editing, Updating, and Deleting). The data collected provided significant and necessary results and conclusions, and possible solutions to unpredictable problems that may arise. The appropriately selected instruments employed were the questionnaire, and the technique applied was the observation method. Observation This method is vital in gathering facts that will support the study in a way which promotes the validity of the data gathered. This technique was adapted because instances often arise and may not be avoided when certain data is not adequately and credibly secured through the use of questionnaire and except through observation.

Internet Use and Child Development

Internet Use and Child Development Internet Use and Child Development Rapid changes in technology nowadays is painting a message of cyber advantage for all ages of the human beings be it in the business, work, home and even in school. When the basics of communications has proliferated in 1970s with the initial introduction of television, the people did not opt to have this technology of entertainment, rather it was a huge market for all ages as programs being air suits several audiences in the populace. Many programs were catered for entertainment like movies, news and even children programs such as cartoons and educational episodes. Throughout the time that television has been in the ages since it was in the users, the development of enhanced communications as well developed over time. This communication development caters the voice and video signals that can be aired via networks of communications structures established and for the purpose repeating signals in order to reach farthest its customers. Among the development of this data signal will be ut ilized in the world wide web called internet. In this internet, it was necessary that interface between person and machine interaction is catered through computer. The computer now has its historical roots that it was like, the trend when television was first introduced, that it was almost necessary for each household to have computers. Computers then become one of the most important gadgets in the lives of the family as it can be useful in several ways like news locally and internationally, communications in the social media where barriers like distant boundaries is no longer a hindrance, and interactive programs that help education as learning tool through interactive design websites in the internet. Internet is defined according to this research will focus on the advantage of internet bombarded with educational and informative materials and most are interactive that supports child development in terms of their social development, cognitive enhancement and improve mathematics and improved commuication skills. Concepts and study research results published in the internet will be utilized to provided evidences on the advantage of internet for child development. Internet interactive programs that supports social development of the children Interactive programs are those sites that provides educational information that would need the reaction from the persons like clicking a choice or if the media screen is a touch screen. Accordingly, interactive in the internet sites mean â€Å"clicking a link and accessing text,† (Sessoms, 2008, p.90). In this research article, Sessoms (2008) provided a comparison for the differences between traditional and new technology enhanced instruction. Accordingly, the traditional is called Web 1.0 which are teacher-centered instruction, single-sense stimulation, single-path progression, single-media, isolated work, information delivery, passive learning, reactive response and isolated, artificial context. On the other hand, the New called Web 2.0 are student-centered instruction/learning, multisensory stimulutation, multipath, multimedia, collaborative work, informative exchange, active/exploratory/inquiry-based learning, proactive/planned response and authentic, real-world context (S essoms, 2008, p.90). The interactive portion of the learning process, it was the position of the National Association for the Education of Young Children in 1999 stating that â€Å"used appropriately, technology can enhance children’s cognitive and social abilities† and that â€Å"developmentally appropriate software offers opportunities for collaborative play, learning and creation,† (Children Now, 2007, p.5). Further, the Children Now (2007) included in its claim that the National Parents Teacher’s Association (PTA) also has the position stated in 1983, â€Å"computer technology increasingly is a prerequisite to effective participation in an information-oriented societyas computer technology will be an integral part of their lieves as well as of their careers, (p.6). It is basic that in every home, computer connected to the world wide web or internet is necessity. With this, Subrahmayan, Kraut, Greenfield and Gross (2001), shared their report findings that â€Å"majority of the homes (68.3%) had both a televesion and a computer,† (p.12) In the research earlier of Subrahmayan, Kraut, Greenfield and Gross (2000), they recognized the effects on social development and relationships that â€Å"home computers not only can influence children’s cognitive and academic skills, but can also shape children’s social interactions and development,† (p.131). In these social interactions an development, Subrahamanyan et al (2001) found out in their research that â€Å"frequent game players actually meet friends outside school more often than less frequent players according to Coldwell, Grad Rhaiti in 1995),† (p.17). From all those research that supports social development of internet among children, Jackson, vo Eye, Biocca (2003) reported that there is â€Å"few studies and inconsistent findings render uncertain whether using internet has any influence on children’s social outcomes.† However, this was refuted by Johnsons (2010) in its discussion that stated in the findings â€Å"various use of Internet in various contexts were positively related to social development,† (p.40). Internet and cognitive enhancement and improve mathematics Cognitive development in the child is an impressive phenomenon according to Guavin (1998) that â€Å"..relies on some inherent human ability to develop intellectual and social skills adapted to the circumstances† (p.84). The ability to develop intellectual and social skills usually occurs during the childhood days of the human being, particularly during the early childhood. Children with exposure to internet as a form of education has an academic performance higher contrary to those childre which are not exposed to internet (Subrahmanyan et al, 2001, p.16). From this point of view, Bostrom Roache (2009) defined cognitive enhancement as the â€Å"amplification or extension of core capacities of the mind through improvement or augmentation of internal or external information processing systems,† (p.1). This is related to the article published in Virginia Department of Eduction on Children and the Internet in June 2007. According to the article written after the interview conducted by Dr. Zheng Yan the relative advantage of internet on cognitive enhancement is that â€Å"a text-rich environemnt ..that can facilitate a game-like leraning environemtn, which is highly motitvating and interesting to student† which will encourage learning. Though internet is rich-text environment, Dr. Yan further informed that the â€Å"students increasingly use visualization, which can relate to mathematics and science as much as creative writing.† With this information, the children absorbed those information in an interactive way like in a game. â€Å"Gaming has the potential to have a different kind of cognitive impact than traditional learning,† Dr. Yan informed additionally. Internet improved commuication skills among children Since the internet is full of intext fronting a deskstop, the children is forced to familiarize with those words in the screen. Familiarizing those words will help the children’s learning of the ability to communicate but not only on the words itself but as well as the ability to manipulate the words appearance in order to make it better to understand to ones audience like putting and highlighting colours are some of the improved communication skills in the internet. According to Hatch (2011), computers have been specifically usefultext can be made larger larger so it can be seen easier, and also read aloud for deaf students,† (p.7). This statement is one of the relative advantage of internet for communication skill development among its users – the children. As it offers a lot of things to be manipulated like inserting some emoticons which is a picture of a mood of the children like happy, sad and angry. The absence of sounds in this communication sometimes are p ositively understood because the diction of saying it does not affect the gravity of words being said. This is evident in the research article of Hatch (2011) as stated, â€Å"estimated that approximately 95% of students with disabilities between the ages of six and eleven are able to receive their education in regular classrooms (ATTO),† (p. 7). Further, there are other relative advantage that the internet improved the communication skills of the children as informed in Hatch (2011) article, â€Å"communicating with and navigating through social media sites is exposing them to an array of skills allows for these children to be just as technology proficient as their more wealthy counterparts (thaindian.com),† (p.12). The internet has become the equal playing field for both poor and wealthier children because they both access the same sites and thus this do not make the poor child left behind in terms of technology becaues everything can be surfed in the internet. Look ing further in the communication skills development of children brought about by the internet, the increased in learning and relative academic performance as stated by Subrahmanyan et al (2000) now is accessible and will not prevent anyone from reading it and reflect it in academics. Conclusion It is evident that technology anywhere else in the world can be found in the internet. The internet then is the avenue that can be utilized in order to develop the childrens ability and relative advantage to develop social interactions, cognitive and mathematic learning and improve communication skills. These relative benefits of the internet available to the children has been proven to be positively improving them in these areas and not only in these areas but as well as their capability to know more and do more. Knowing more will eventually help children to effectively address some issues in life that may have been found sometimes prior to internet was imposible to access. Work Cited Bostrom, N Roache, R. â€Å"Smart Policy: Cognitive Enhancement and the Public Interest.† Future for Humanity Institute. (2009). Web. 11 Nov. 2014. Children Now. â€Å"The Effects of Interactive Media on Preschoolers’ Learning: A Review of the Research and Recommendations for the Future.† 2007. Web. 11 Nov. 2014 Gauvin, M. â€Å"Cognitive Development in Social and Cultural Context.† American Psychological Society. December 1998. Web. 11 Nov. 2014 Hatch, K. E. â€Å"Determining the Effects of Technology on Children.† University of Rhode Island. [emailprotected] May 2011. Web. 11 Nov. 2014 Jackson, L.A., vo Eye, A. And Biocca, F. â€Å"Children and Internet Use: Social, Psychological and Academic Consequences for Low-Income Children.† Psychological Science Agenda. American Psychological Association. December 2003. Web. 11 Nov. 2014 Johnson, G. M. â€Å"Internet Use and Child Development: Validation of the Ecological Techno-Subsystem.† Educational Technology Society. 2010. 13 (I), 176-185. Web. 11 Nov. 2014 Johnson, M. M. â€Å"Internet Use and Child Development: The Techno-Microsystem.† Australian Journal of Educational Development Psychology. Vol. 10, 2010. Pp32-43. Web. 11 Nov. 2014. Sessoms, D. â€Å"Interactive Instruction: Creating interactive learning environments through tomorrow’s teachers.† International Journal of Technology in Teaching and Learning. 4(2). 86-96. 2008. Web. 11 Nov. 2014 Subrahmanyam, K., Greenfield, P., Krauf, R. And Gross, E. F. â€Å"The Impact of Home Computer Use on Children’s Activities and Development.† The Future of Children. Children and Computer Technology. Vol. 10. No, 2. Fall/Winter 2000. Web. 11 Nov. 2014 Subrahmanyam, K., Greenfield, P., Krauf, R. And Gross, E. â€Å"The Impact of Computer Use on Children’s and Adolescents’ Development.† Applied Developmental Psychology. 2001. Pp 7-30. Web. 11 Nov. 2014 Yan, Zheng. â€Å"Children and the Internet.† Information Brief. Virginia Department of Education, Division of Technology Human Resources. June 2012. Web. 11 Nov. 2014

compare and contrast comic heros with mythology :: essays research papers

Compare and contrast comic book hero’s with mythology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comic book heroes and mythological creatures have a lot of differences, and a lot of similarities. They can be huge differences, or small ones. Either way, they’re both different in some ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some differences between comic book heroes and mythology ones are that there was a possibility that the mythological creatures actually lived. Unlike comic book ones, they’re all made up stories that seem to attract kids into reading them. One way that they do it is by making it exciting so it seems like they really lived. Another difference is that all the comic book hero’s have abnormal powers like laser eyes. However, the mythological creatures don’t have abnormal powers, but they do in some way look abnormal. For example, Argos the hundred-eyed monster, and the Minotaur. Both of these can be considered heroes in some way, but to other people, they weren’t really anything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other than the differences between both of them, they do have similarities too. One similarity that first pops up in my mind is that they must be good people. Cause who would consider a bad guy a hero? Other than that, another similarity between both of them are that they’re abnormal in some way. An example from a comic book is Super-Man; He has super strength that allows him to move heavy objects. Now an example from mythology, Hermes, the messenger of the gods, had such swift moving feet that he could deliver messages in minutes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To conclude, I think that there’s a huge difference between these 2 kinds of hero’s. The comic book heroes are fictional of course because they’re hand drawn images.

Alcohol Policy Done Wrong :: Argumentative persuasive Alcohol Policy Essays

Alcohol Policy Done Wrong When I was elected Interfraternity Council Treasurer in December of 1997 I knew I was in for a long semester, but I never knew what might evolve. I was elected in the wake of alcohol problems across the country. The only alcohol problem I knew of that had happened at the University of Arkansas involved a fraternity on bid day (the day when new freshman receive their invitation to a fraternity house). It involved two students that drank so much alcohol that they had to be rushed to the hospital. Both students were released from the hospital and the fraternity was placed on alcohol probation. I happened to be a newcomer to that fraternity as well and all alcohol probation meant to the fraternity was that they had to be a little more careful about where they drank alcohol in the house. The University of Arkansas has been very lenient in the past about enforcing the alcohol policy. The University’s policy is dated February 22, 1974. The policy states, â€Å"Possession and use of intoxicants in public areas of University facilities (including organized houses) and at official University functions held on campus is prohibited. Persons of legal age as prescribed by state law regarding alcoholic beverages may possess and consume these beverages in the privacy of assigned student rooms. Irresponsible behavior while under the influence of intoxicants is not condoned and may be subject to review and/or action by the appropriate judicial body.† There has been a lot of criticisms to the alcohol policy. First, the fact that it was written in 1974 attracts a plethora of criticisms. I feel that many things have changed since the 70’s and the alcohol policy should also change. Another thing that attracts criticism is the way it has been forced. I hav e seen pictures in the University of Arkansas yearbook from 1970 that show members of fraternities sitting on the roofs of their houses drinking beer out of the can, which is a direct violation of the alcohol policy. I have also heard rumors that in the 80’s kegs were clearly present throughout the fraternity houses. The next thing I would like to mention is the sudden change in enforcement of this alcohol policy. I have been on this campus for three years and I have seen an abrupt change in the way administrators enforce the alcohol policy.

Political and Economic Issues Along the U.S. and Mexico Border Essay ex

Introduction and Statement of Purpose According to Jason Riley (2009) there are an estimated ten to twelve million illegal immigrants living within the United States (p. 54). According to Cieslik, Felsen, and Kalaitzidis (2009), over half of these illegal immigrants are from Mexico (p. 185). These population estimates have led the United States to take action along our border. We have built a fence, deployed various surveillance systems, and currently employ thousands of U.S. Border Protection officers. These actions have made the issue of illegal immigration a highly debated topic within the United States and Mexico. This debate will be explained from a political, economic, and an integrated perspective. The Political Perspective on the Issue Politics have severely impacted the issue of immigration along the U.S. and Mexico border. Within the United States, New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson has been extremely active regarding immigration along this border. Branton and Dunaway (2009) stated, â€Å"Governor Bill Richardson declared a state of emergency in four counties along the U.S.-Mexico border† (p. 289). Governor Richardson was concerned with, â€Å"Ravages of terror and human smuggling, drug smuggling, kidnapping, murder, the destruction of property, and the death of livestock† (Branton & Dunaway, 2009, p. 289). Influenced by Governor Richardson’s concern, Arizona Governor Janet Napolitano also declared a state of emergency, â€Å"As a desperate attempt to get the attention of the federal government† (Branton & Dunaway, 2009, p. 289). These are all valid concerns when public safety is a top priority of any elected government official. Another political figure concerned with violence along the U.S.-Mexico border is Pat ... ..., I. (2007). Does border enforcement deter unauthorized immigration? The case of Mexican migration to the United States of America. Regulation & Governance, 1(2), 139-153. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=7&hid=13 &sid=7c49dcc1-50b3-45c4-8b94-2ede81fd093d%40sessionmgr12 Delacroix, J., Nikiforov, S. (2009). If Mexicans and Americans could cross the border freely. Independent Review, 14(1), 101-133 Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&hid=13 &sid=7c49dcc1-50b3-45c4-8b94-2ede81fd093d%40sessionmgr12 Emmott, R. (2010, September 15). U.S. and Mexico border wall a costly failure film says. Reuters. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE68E6JG20100915 Riley, J. L. (2009). Let them in: The case for open borders. New York, NY: Gotham Books.

Cmrj 302 Should Juvenile Be Tried as Adults

Since the beginning of human time there have been sins, delinquent actions, crimes, and with all of this, punishment for those actions. From Cain and Able until today, the 21st Century, we still deal with these problems. And what’s worse is that now it is the children who are committing these crimes. Our, so called, future of tomorrow. The next generation of this country. Throughout recorded time, juvenile delinquency has been the very biggest issue to tackle. In the 15th century, the parens patriae concept was common and described parental care by the state or guardian of the community.Children were property and punishment was delivered from the family and/or public punishment dealt by the village and in public. The juvenile justice system in the 19th Century adopted the parens patriae concept and provided the legal structure for the juvenile court system. In the late 1800’s reform schools were created and started, where reform was the main ideological theory, to insti ll in delinquent children; principals and morals to attempt to stray they away from future crime. Today, we still have trouble determining whether or not to try juveniles as adults, how to punish them, what works and what doesn’t.When a juvenile kills, do they instantly become an adult? Do they maintain some kind of innocence of childhood, despite the severity of their actions? These are the plaguing questions in our American judicial system today. The violent acts of juvenile offenders continue to make headlines and are becoming more violent and unfortunately more frequently. So today, the question is, should juvenile be tried as adults? Yes. Yes, I believe that juveniles should be tried as adults. However, I also believe there should be a few exceptions. This is not really a black and white issue.Exceptions should be put into place regarding, what type of crimes, age of the offender and what kind of punishments should be issued. This is what I will attempt to explain. The c riminal justice system serves two primary functions: protecting society and providing retribution or punishment for a crime to achieve the value of justice or fairness. Concerning the protection of society from violent or even not violent offenders, the judge can ensure an appropriate penalty without having to try someone as a juvenile. I believe that juveniles can and should be tried as adults.The judge and/or the jury can take the defendant's age into consideration while deliberating and determining a suitable penalty for their crimes. The defendant's attorney can make a legitimate argument in their defense based on their age, maturity and mental abilities or state of mind because age is not always the best indicator of maturity or personal accountability. This can ensure each case is evaluated individually not based on standards or common practice, but on an individual basis and attention which is what each case deserves.Jeb Bush, Governor of Florida said in (2001) after a 14-yea r-old juvenile was found guilty for killing his English teacher; â€Å"There is a different standard for children, there should be some sensitivity that a 14-year-old is not a little adult. † To this quote I have to disagree. All but five states allow children of any age charged with murder to be tried as adults. The death penalty generally not an option, at least not for defendants under the age of 16 since the U. S. Supreme Court has ruled capital punishment unconstitutional.In fact, it was only in 2005, in Roper vs. Simmons , that the Supreme Court finally ruled the juvenile death penalty was unconstitutional. In arguing, the text describes a paradigm that informs legal reasoning in US law and specifically the Eighth Amendment’s barring of cruel and unusual punishment for anyone who hasn't celebrated their 16th birthday. Some states, however, will consider 16 year olds and 17 year olds for the death penalty (Reaves, J. Time Magazine, (2001), Should the Law Treat Kid s and Adults Differently? ).Additionally, two cases are currently before the Supreme Court that affords our nation the opportunity to right this wrong and join the modern world. Sullivan vs. Florida and Graham vs. Florida will require the Supreme Court to rule on whether life sentences for juveniles that preclude the possibility of parole are, in fact, constitutional. Additionally, in most states, a juvenile offender must be at least 16-years-old to be eligible for waiver to adult court. But, in a number of states, minors as young as 13 could be subjected to a waiver petition.And a few states allow children of any age to be tried as adults for certain types of crimes, such as homicide or armed robbery. Many states have laws that do not allow juvenile courts to take cases involving very serious or violent crimes, such as murder or armed robbery. Generally, juveniles are charged with delinquent acts, not crimes. However, the nature of some offenses may result in a juvenile being charg ed with a crime in the regular court system. In these instances, the juvenile’s age does not matter. They will be tried in the adult criminal system, unless transferred o juvenile courts by the judge. The current trend among states is to lower the minimum age of eligibility for waiver into adult court. This is due in part to public perception that juvenile crime is on the rise, and offenders are getting younger. Factors that might lead a court to grant a waiver petition and transfer a juvenile case to adult court include: †¢The juvenile is charged with a particularly serious offense. †¢The juvenile has a lengthy juvenile record. †¢The minor is older. †¢Past rehabilitation efforts for the juvenile have been unsuccessful.Youth services would have to work with the juvenile offender for a long time. (Michon, Kathleen, J. D. , (2011) When Juveniles Are Tried in Adult Criminal Court) All states now maintain a juvenile code, or set of laws relating specifically t o juveniles. The state codes regulate a variety of concerns, including the acts and circumstances that bring juveniles within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court, the procedures for juvenile courts, the rights of juveniles, and the range of judicial responses to misconduct or to the need for services. Steinberg, Laurence, (2000) Should Juvenile Offenders Be Tried As Adults? A Developmental Perspective on Changing Legal Policies). The basic framework created by the first juvenile court act is largely intact and that rehabilitation, not punishment, remains the aim of the juvenile justice system, and juvenile courts still retain jurisdiction over a wide range of juveniles. (Retrieved from: http://law. jrank. org/pages/7958/Juvenile-Law-Modern-Juvenile-Law).The most notable difference between the original model and current juvenile law is that juveniles now have more procedural rights in court. In re Gault, 387 U. S. 1 (1967), the United States Supreme Court established that children under the fourteenth amendment accused of crimes in a delinquency proceeding must be given many of the same due process rights as adults such as the right to timely notification of charges, the right to confront witnesses, the right against self-incrimination, and the right to counsel.These rights also include the right to an attorney and the right to be free from self incrimination. These are rights given to adults and now to juveniles. Juveniles are committing the same crimes as adults, have the same rights as adults and also need to be tried as adults. Despite the input of these experts on the juvenile justice system, there are thousands of children who are automatically transferred to adult criminal court due to the change in the laws over the past few years.In a report released by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (1998) titled Juvenile Felony Defendants in Criminal Courts, states that â€Å"an estimated 7,100 juvenile defendants were charged with felonies in adult criminal co urt in 1998†, and that in these criminal courts, â€Å"juveniles were more likely than adults to be charged with a violent felony† with juveniles occupying 64% of the felony charges in stark contrast with the adults who occupy 24% of those charges (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009).That report also states that showed that â€Å"transferring juveniles to adult court is not an effective deterrent of further criminal activity† (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009). I completely disagree, juveniles would be better off tried in criminal courts and sentenced than to be tried in juvenile courts, and sentenced to rehabilitation. In the words of Pete Wilson, former Governor of California, â€Å"young offenders know they can laugh off the token punishment of our current juvenile justice system, they commit more and increasingly brutal crime.That’s unacceptable†¦We must make clear to the violent youthful offenders, ones who just don’t want to be saved, that California will not tolerate their depravity. It will replace slaps on the wrist with the slapping on of handcuffs†¦and will impose adult time for adult crime. † (retrieved from: www. voterdigest. com/yes-on-21). This is the kind of attitude and foresight that we need. In this day in age juveniles, even those younger than 14-years-old know that in this generation, the law can't touch them and that most likely they will only get a slap on the wrist for the first offence or house arrest at best.Murder by juvenile delinquents is rising in leaps and bounds and the justice system is giving them light sentences if any at all. What about the victim(s) and their family(s)? What about the police putting their lives in jeopardy every single day that arrest these children and before the ink is dry on the paper the children are walking down the front steps of the police station with those smirks and grins on their faces! As the quote goes, ‘You do the crime, you pay the ti me. ‘ There is ample evidence, therefore, to raise concerns regarding the ompetence of juveniles under age 15 to participate in criminal trials. Although the majority of 13 year-olds would likely meet the minimal competence criteria even at age 15, a significant fraction of adolescents should not be assumed competent to protect their own interests in adversarial legal settings. If an adolescent does not have the understanding, appreciation, or reasoning ability necessary to make such decisions, criminal court is an inappropriate venue for determining that adolescent’s disposition. Steinberg, Laurence, (2000) Should Juvenile Offenders Be Tried As Adults? A Developmental Perspective on Changing Legal Policies). Although I may believe that juveniles should be tried as adults, however, no juvenile under the age of 13 should be tried in an adult court. The adult justice system presumes that defendants who are found guilty are responsible for their own actions, and should be held accountable and punished accordingly. Historically, those who are guilty but less responsible for their actions receive proportionately less punishment.It is therefore worth considering whether, because of the relative immaturity of minors, it may be justified to view them as being less blameworthy than adults for the very same infractions – that is, whether developmental immaturity should be viewed as a relevant mitigating factor. Children as young as nine have the capacity for intentional behavior and do know the difference between right and wrong; as such, there is no reason why children of this age must unequivocally be held blameless for their conduct.At the same time, it is also clear that the vast majority of individuals younger than 13-years-old do lack certain intellectual and psychosocial capabilities that need to be present in order to hold someone fully accountable for his or her actions. These circumstances include situations that call for logical decision-m aking, situations in which the ultimate consequences of one’s actions are not evident unless one has actually tried to foresee them, and situations in which sound judgment may be compromised by competing stimuli, such as very strong peer pressure to violate the law.Once individuals have reached a certain age, about 17 or so, it is reasonable to expect that they possess the intellectual and psychosocial capacities that permit the exercise of good judgment, even under difficult circumstances. Thus, while pressure from one’s friends to violate the law may be a reasonable mitigating factor in the case of a 12-year-old juvenile, it is unlikely to be so in the case of a 17-year-old juvenile.When the individual under consideration is younger than 17, however, developmentally normative immaturity should be added to the list of possible mitigating factors, along with the more typical ones of self-defense, mental state, and extenuating circumstances. Finally, the choice of tryin g a juvenile offender in adult court versus juvenile court determines the possible outcomes of the adjudication. In adult court, the outcome of being found guilty of a serious crime is nearly always some sort of punishment; about 80% of juveniles who are convicted in criminal court are incarcerated.In juvenile court, the outcome of being found delinquent may be some sort of punishment, but juvenile courts typically retain the option of a rehabilitative disposition, in and of itself or in combination with some sort of punishment. In essence, the juvenile court operates under the presumption that offenders are immature. (Steinberg, Laurence, (2000) Should Juvenile Offenders Be Tried As Adults? A Developmental Perspective on Changing Legal Policies). Juveniles tried as an adult and can face the same penalties as adults, including life without parole.If convicted, juveniles will have an adult criminal record which can significantly affect future education and employment opportunities. F urthermore, an adult conviction can also result in the loss of rights, including the right to vote and right to own a firearm. (Lamance, Ken (2011) Juvenile Tried as an Adult). If a juvenile is convicted of certain sex offenses, he may be required to register as a sex offender for the rest of his life, regardless of his age at the time of conviction.In some states which automatically seal a juvenile's record once he passes a certain age, that record may remain unsealed if the defendant is convicted of an adult offense before he reaches that age (Retrieved from: http://www. expertlaw. com/library/criminal/juvenile_law). The following are Common Juvenile Rights questions: Can a child receive capital punishment for a crime committed as juvenile? The United States Supreme Court in the case of Roper v. Simmons, 543 U. S. 551 (2005), stated that it is unconstitutional to impose capital punishment for crimes committed while under the age of 18.The Courts 5-4 decision overruled the Court's prior ruling upholding such sentences on offenders above or at the age of 16, in Stanford v. Kentucky, 492 U. S. 361 (1989), overturning statutes in 25 states that had the penalty set lower (Retrieved from: http://www. topjuveniledefender. com/juvenile_rights). Can a child receive life in prison without the possibility of parole for a non-homicide crime? In 2010, the United States Supreme Court in the case of Graham v. Florida ruled that children cannot be sentenced to life imprisonment without parole for non-homicide offenses.The U. S. Supreme Court decided whether Roper v. Simmons which had abolished the death penalty for juvenile offenders should also apply to sentences without the possibility of parole for children. Justice Kennedy stated, â€Å"The constitution prohibits the imposition of a life without parole sentence on a juvenile offender who did not commit a homicide. A state need not guarantee the offender eventual release, but if it imposes a sentence of life it must pro vide him or her with some realistic opportunity to obtain release before the end of that term. . . (Retrieved from: http://www. topjuveniledefender. com/juvenile_rights) Can a child receive a life sentence? Yes. If a child is prosecuted as an adult, he or she can receive a life sentence if convicted certain qualifying crimes. However, if a child is prosecuted in juvenile court, he or she can receive a sentence commonly called â€Å"juvenile life† that carries life but will be incarcerated only until the age of 25 years of age at the Department of Juvenile Justice (formerly the California Youth Authority. ) (Retrieved from: http://www. topjuveniledefender. om/juvenile_rights) The end result of a heinous crime remains the same, no matter who commits it. Our justice system depends upon holding perpetrators responsible for their actions. Harsh sentencing acts as a deterrent to kids who are considering committing crimes. Trying children as adults has coincided with lower rates of juvenile crimes. Light sentences don't teach kids the lesson they need to learn: If you commit a terrible crime, you will spend a considerable part of your life in jail. (Reaves, J. Time Magazine, (2001) Should the Law Treat Kids and Adults Differently? Kids today are more sophisticated at a younger age; they understand the implications of violence and how to use violent weapons. It is absurd to argue that a modern child, who sees the effect of violence around him in the news every day, doesn't understand what killing really is. The fact that child killers know how to load and shoot a gun is an indicator that they understand exactly what they're doing. (Time Magazine, (2001) Should the Law Treat Kids and Adults Differently? ). I’ll end with a quote from Fredrick Douglas, â€Å"It is easier to build strong children then to repair broken men! †

Paradise of the Blind

World literature two Statement of intent I plan to elaborate on the political aspects of Paradise of the Blind by writing a formal letter to the Vietnam government. The Vietnam government banned this book from the country because of the all encompassing political aspects included in the book. In the authors books all of the aspects of life are demonstrated and the total view was an unattractive image for the leaders. This book was banned because it went against what a government hopes to portray to their people.Duong Thu Huong worked for the Communist Youth Brigade at the age of 20 but was expelled from the communist party in 1989. She has been imprisoned numerous times for her outspoken support for human rights and democratic political reform and is no longer allowed to leave Vietnam. In Paradise of the blind, her fourth book written and her fourth book to be banned, she included government acts such as the effects of communists on the people such as the land reform act, and Ratific ation of Errors. The large political attraction and its effect on the people are a large part of her books but the cultural aspects are also prominent.I hope to convince the Vietnamese government to publish this book which would provide a better understanding for the people in and out of Vietnam. The reason I chose to do a letter it because it allows me to show the government’s large and influential part in the people’s lives and as well as discus the cultural aspects. The government banned the book in 1991 and I wanted to explore why it was important enough to ban and hopefully have an objective view on why it would be good to publish it. President Truong T? n Sang,Thank you for the honor of taking time out of your day to read my letter. I would like to address the Book Paradise of the Blind by Duong Thu Huong. Because it was banned from your country you might not be familiar with the work but I am sure you are aware of the author. She is well known for her writing an d political stances. Her book is a fiction with many real life situations and probable events for a person of Vietnam in the 1980’s. Because of this factor I found it interesting that it was banned from your country under the term of President (Insert name here).I write to you today in hopes that you will reevaluate president (insert name here)’s decision and allow this book to be published. The social conditions were not optimal in the book and I can respect the decision to ban it, but it was banned from the country but that was a different time and things have changed since then. Under the influence of many years the conditions and circumstances have changed. Publishing the book provides you with a good opportunity to portray an understanding for the people and your willingness to cooperate with their wants with little or no cost to you.Duong Thu Huong has spoken out about the government censorship numerous times and by allowing her book to be published now, it could allow the people to trust their government. The book showed a vulnerable time in Vietnamese history fraught with trials and errors on the part of the government. The fact that it revealed corruption in the government was a problem at the time but the government has improved since then. After the Ratification of Errors the land owners were allowed to prosper again such as â€Å"Aunt Tam† even though times were still difficult.Like the Ratification of errors after the land reform, by ending the ban it would show that you as a country are willing to accept the past and move on. As the governmental issues discussed in the book are not as prominent today it would be beneficial for the government’s reputation to show how far they have come. As I read the book I soon realized what insight it would provide an understanding into the lifestyle of the older generations. It would allow the students of today to better understand their countries history and how it affected the peop le’s lives.The insight that the book provided Americans into Vietnam could also be mirrored by the Vietnamese and a new appreciation for their culture could arise. By allowing the people to see the conditions back then they will realize the full extent of the improvements made and understand their parents and grandparents went though. The food in the book allows for a better understanding of the situation. At each time in the characters life, depending on their financial situation, the food varied. The fact that there is an emphasis on food would be understood and relatable to the public.They have the ability to compare condition then and now creating a bond that comes from true understanding. Thought this book good traits, situations, and food are juxtaposed with bad and the influence that they had on their surroundings is something that can be learned from. This book demonstrates a strong aspect of your culture in the submission of Que to her brother. When her brother told her to leave her husband she did even though she loved him. Her devotion to her brother demonstrates the characteristics of a good sister and later aunt.Que went to the tenement were her brother lived in order to care for her brother and his family. She put her brother’s needs in front of her own and her daughters. When her job was not acceptable in her brother’s opinions she reluctantly changed jobs. That selflessness in her endeavor to help her brother is something to be admired. Just as Que helped her brothers family, Hang was loyal to her mother. When her mother had her leg amputated due to a car accident and could no longer be an efficient worker, Hang hurried to help her. Hang quit school to go to Russia to work and support her mother.Tam also had admirable qualities in that she supported her brother’s child when Hang’s mother had practically abandoned her for her nephews. Tam supported Hang through school and gave her many opportunities to succeed. The traits in all three of these women are admirable and the general public could learn from their sacrifices. The hard work that they put in gave others the ability to live and do as they needed to survive. Paradise of the Blind is an interesting book that taught me a lot about your culture. It advocates many good qualities as well as change.Hang’s decision to progress into the future and leave her past behind when she decided to sell her Aunt’s house allows her to move on and create a new opportunity to better herself. By releasing the book the same opportunity would come for you and learning form the past would further strengthen yourself today. People could compare what is to what was and make up their opinion for themselves. The people will appreciate the freedom and respect you for allowing them the option. By leaving the book banned you lead people to believe that it is still true today when much change has occurred.

African continent Essay

My friend came from the African continent, we had shared a lot since we had met in high school and she had always told me stories of her country, most of the stories sounded interestingly and I knew deep down in my heart that it would be a place I would want to visit probably for adventure purposes. It was one of the school holidays when she had been preparing to go back home for an event that was important to her and her clansmen. She had told me that it would be great event and that I was welcome to attend, then event was supposed to go for a week. I was hesitant at first because I knew that I would a lot of money for my transport and accommodation but still really needed to go for an adventure. I thought about it for about six months and I approaching my parents to see if they could finance me. It took a few days when at last they both asked me how safe I would being that far from home. My dad had wondered how safe Africa could be and especially for someone like me who had never been there before. When I convinced them that my friend would take care of me and always give me company they granted my wish! I remember having sat next to my friend in the plane leaving for Nairobi with a lot of anxiety, many imaginations but soon feel asleep since the journey was a long one. We flew for many hours and eventually got to land in the large airport that was filled with peoples movements. We walked out through the arrivals exit and I followed my friends who led me to a huge group of people who I came to learn later that they were her relatives. We put our bags onto a car, entered and were driven off. We then reached to her parents’ home and for sure I could see that it was full of people, my friend told me that the main event was going to take place the following day and that is the reason there were so many people to do the preparation. We were walked through the people as we shook their hands a way of greeting in many parts of Africa. I was shown the room that I would spend my nights which was well lit and next to where my friend was to occupy. The next morning we were woken up very early, I had lost truck of time and I kept trying to figure out and adjust to the time zones. I had told that this day marked a very important transition period to the age group; it was their initiation day! That the process takes a week, which all the initiates had been sent away from home to the wild for months! When the right time reached I saw a parade of many young looking people all in traditional attires, they looked so wonderful! They had colors on their heads and funny slipper- like shoes. There was a lot of singing and dancing, ooh it was wonderful! The main ceremony/initiation process was to start at 4. 30 in the morning and it was a circumcision ceremony. Very old people were to perform the act, the initiates were many and that the process as painful as it is they do not administer anesthesia this way they rate the initiate who undergoes the whole process without any sign of fear or pain as the bravest one. Now I realized at some point that some girls I had seen at the parade were also waiting to undergo the same procedure! I couldn’t believe it, how could a society be so cruel? How could anyone want to mutilate the genitals of a female? I kept asking my friend and I was in total dismay! She kept telling me that it is the society way of intiating the girl child from childhood to adulthood. But I wondered why through such a cruel act? Can’t there be anyone who can stand against it and educate this society the health damages associated? I then observed that the same razor blades were used on all the initiates and at this point I made up my mind that I was not going to leave this place having not conveyed my dismay to the few people who would care to listen. There was so much tension as the process took place, much tension from the parents of the initiates because if anyone cried or screamed during the process they could be left alone and the whole society would treat such a person as a coward. Every time the operation went well there would be ululations in high voices. The few times the operation didn’t go smoothly there would kicks and blows it was so cruel. That whole event challenged me to try and convince the people there how wrong it was to use the same blades, the dangers of HIV and AIDS associated to sharing such items, the health problems associated to Female Genital Mutilation and for sure I was met with hostility but with time since it sank down in some people and they began to see the truth of the matter. Well, I got the contacts of those I found to be reasonable and I have continued to having communication with them, trying to educate them on these matters but the response is slow and I don’t think I will give up even if it takes my life time to have spread this word.

Black Men and Public Spaces Essay

In â€Å"Black Men and Public Spaces† Brent Staples reveals his experiences with different individuos in all kind of public areas. Staples talk about how people stereotype black men as a violent and dangerous individuals because of their appearance and the color of their skin. In the past when black men was associated with the word murderer or thieves or rapist or all kind of bad things people were afraid on being next to them. When Staples started the story saying â€Å"My first victim was a woman† and he specify (white) make it seems like he wasn’t the victim of this woman when he follows saying â€Å"After a few more glimpses, she picked up her pace and was soon running in earnest.† What the narrator is doing is letting know that people shouldn’t judge because of the others appearances. In the whole story Staples is leaving the clear concept of people will always see black men as a threat because of his race. The sad part is that the narrator is not saying that this happen long time ago is just like a decade ago when he mention about studying at the University of Chicago and then moved to New York. It make it seems that no matter when or where black men being dangerous or being involved in criminal activity does not leave the world’s general schema, people still see black men related to the word dangerous.The title is ironic because public space is supposedly available to everyone but, socially speaking, that does not appear to be that way for black men, even in today’s society. Staples demonstrates his struggle for acceptances from people whom are scared of him. He goes on to say that he now takes precautions to avoid situations he has experienced. He now whistles melodies from Beethoven and Vivaldi when he takes walks at night because no one will assume a mugger knows classical music. Instead of people crossing to the other side of the street, he’ll keep his distance from those that may seem skittish of him. It seems that he does all this just to fit in to society. None of this will change the way black men are stereotyped. I was walking with my daughter one night around seven pm., and crossing the  street inside the parking lot mall this black woman was speeding like she was on the outside streets, We were slow walking on the street to reach our car and she got so angry and get out of her car and approach to me with the intention clear of fight me, she was a very heavy black young woman maybe on her middle twenties, she was screaming at my face â€Å"Do you have a problem with me?† I said many time no I don’t please leave me alone but my daughter who was fourteen by that time and to innocent of the danger we were on, told her â€Å"You shouldn’t be speeding inside the parking lot and talking on the phone† that was enough to her to start beating up my daughter. This was a really nasty experience that we will never want to repeat and since then we try to avoid on many ways to confront a black person. We call 911 and the police man who came was a black police who said this words â€Å"For people like that woman is that we have bad reputation† I think no matter when or where and no matter the race or color we need to be careful on how to conduct ourselves at public spaces. Stereotypes affect individuals regardless of race, sex, or religion. The narrator tell many time he was mistaken as a criminal for being black and six feet two inches tall with a beard and billowing hair, when he enter to the jewelry and the proprietor excuse himself just to get his enormous red Doberman Pinscher and he has to leave, or when he was mistaking as a reporter for the killer, police officers hauled him from his car at gunpoint. Black men on public space will continue to experience these situations. We cannot change the way people think and judge. Unfortunately the majority of black men, who are criminals, will continue to give a bad reputation for those that are not. We live in a world where we have to be in high alert to maintain unharmed. There’s no reason for anyone to feel the obligation or need to act a certain way so those that are judging them can feel a sense of security, the way Brent Staples did. As long as you know you’re not that type of person, you cannot let someone’s judgment stop you from succeeding and proving that you are not a statistic.

Sony Ericsson Sustainabiliy Report 2011

2011 Sustainability Report Contents About Sony Ericsson About the report Financial results 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16 18 19 20 21 Corporate A word from our President and Chief Executive Officer Governance People Vision in sustainability GreenHeartâ„ ¢ Contents The Life cycle approach Life cycle analysis Carbon footprint Recycling Substance control Supply chain Factory Health Community engagement 2011 Sustainability Report | Contents About Sony Ericsson Sony Ericsson is a 50:50 joint venture between Sony Corporation (â€Å"Sony†) and Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (â€Å"Ericsson†).In October 2011 it was announced by Sony and Ericsson that Sony will acquire Ericsson’s stake in the company and that Sony Ericsson will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sony. The transaction is expected to close in February, subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals, and Sony Ericsson will be renamed Sony Mobile Communications. Over the years Sony Ericsson has brought together the best communication technologies with superior entertainment user experiences to create its Xperiaâ„ ¢ line of the ‘most entertaining smartphones’ in the mobile handset industry.Building on the momentum of the previous year, Sony Ericsson continued to drive forward its smartphone strategy in 2011, shifting the business from feature phones to smartphones. The AndroidTM based smartphone XperiaTM portfolio remained at the heart of this strategy and will continue to serve as a cornerstone of the smartphone line-up as the company integrates fully with Sony. 2011 Sustainability Report | About Sony Ericsson 1 About Sony Ericsson About the reportSustainability is a central part of everything we do at Sony Ericsson, both internally and externally, from the development of our handsets to the recycling initiatives in our offices. With this is in mind we strive to be a leader in the industry working across the three main areas of sustainability à ¢â‚¬â€œ economic, environmental and social. We take a life cycle approach to each, addressing all aspects of a phone’s life cycle; from the design and supply to production, use and end of life. The Sony Ericsson Sustainability Report 2011 addresses these areas and presents them along with our life cycle approach.We have created the following life cycle graphic to showcase this approach in a simple and easy to understand way: Design Production Supply Unless otherwise stated, all information and data contained in this report pertains to activities undertaken from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2011. The report examines aspects of Sony Ericsson’s activities all around the world, including our manufacturing facility, Beijing SE Potevio Mobile Communications Co. , Ltd. (BMC). The financial figures referred to in the report cover the period from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2011.Sony Ericsson would like to thank all the people who have contributed to this report. Informa tion on our ongoing sustainability work can be found at www. sonyericsson. com/sustainability If you have any comments or suggestions on this report, we are happy to receive your feedback at [email  protected] com We welcome open dialogue with all stakeholders on our GreenHeartâ„ ¢ blog at http://blogs. sonyericsson. com/greenheart About the report Life Cycle Approach Use End of Life Forward-looking statementsThis report includes forward-looking statements, including statements reflecting management’s current views relating to the growth of the market, future market conditions, future events and expected operational and financial performance. The words â€Å"believe†, â€Å"expect†, â€Å"foresee†, â€Å"anticipate†, â€Å"assume†, â€Å"intend†, â€Å"may†, â€Å"could†, â€Å"plan†, â€Å"estimate†, â€Å"will†, â€Å"should†, â€Å"could†, â€Å"aim†, â€Å"target† , â€Å"might† or, in each case, their negative, and similar words are intended to help identify forward-looking statements. Forward looking statements may be found throughout this document.Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these and other forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot assure you that these expectations will materialise. Because forward-looking statements are based on assumptions, judgments and estimates, and are subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results could differ materially from those described or implied herein. Important factors that could affect whether and to what extent any of our forward-looking statements materialise include various factors that may be out of our control.We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements or potential inaccuracies included in this report, whether as a result of new information or future events. 2 2011 Sustainability Report | About the report Fin ancial results 2011 was a year of transition for Sony Ericsson. The company saw fluctuations in its financial results, with Q2 earnings impacted by the Japan earthquake and Q4 earnings affected by intense competition and the challenging global macro-economic situation. For the fiscal year January 1, 2011 to December 1, 2011 total consolidated net sales during the period reached EUR 5,212 million. Income before taxes amounted to EUR -243 million, of which net restructuring costs were EUR 93 million, and net income after taxes was EUR -247 million. The number of units sold (excluding accessories) over the period was 34. 4 million units. In an effort to further increase efficiencies, a restructuring programme was launched in December. The restructuring costs for this programme are EUR 93 million. The quarterly breakdown of Sony Ericsson’s key figures is as follows: (Units sold in thousands, values in million Euros).Financial Results for 2011 1Q 2011 2Q 2011 3Q 2011 4Q 2011 Units sold (million units) Net sales (EUR million) NIBT (EUR million) Net income (EUR million) 8,142 1,145 15 11 7,644 1,193 -42 -50 9,549 1,586 31 0 9,036 1,288 -247 -207 Smartphones generated nearly 75% of the total sales in 2011, compared to nearly 50% in 2010. To date, Sony Ericsson has shipped a total of 28 million Xperiaâ„ ¢ smartphones since initial launch of its Androidâ„ ¢ based Xperiaâ„ ¢ range in 2010. 2011 Sustainability Report | Financial results 3 Financial results A word from our President and Chief Executive OfficerPresident and Chief Executive Officer 2011 was an eventful year for Sony Ericsson. We truly transitioned out of the feature phone business to become a smartphone company. Throughout the year we launched a range of exciting and innovative Android smartphones, including the pioneering gaming device Xperiaâ„ ¢ PLAY, the world’s first Playstation Certified smartphone. We also brought our GreenHeartâ„ ¢ credentials even further across our portf olio, striving to offer eco-friendlier Xperiaâ„ ¢ smartphones, chargers and accessories to our consumers, and we received the 2011 EISA Green Smartphone award for our Xperiaâ„ ¢ mini.However in March, we received the shocking news of the earthquake and tsunami in Japan. As a company with a Japanese heritage and major operations in the country, this tragedy affected us all personally and professionally, impacting our employees and supply chain. During these tragic events, I was personally moved by the courage, commitment and teamwork demonstrated by our staff in Japan and the Japanese people as a whole. Since then, we have been focused on learning from and adapting to the consequences of a natural disaster, ensuring that we actively manage risk should we experience similar events in the future.In October, Sony announced its intent to acquire Ericsson’s share in Sony Ericsson, making the mobile handset business a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sony. This integration provides us and our consumers with great opportunities as we become part of Sony’s broad platform of network-connected consumer electronics products, content and services. Sony Ericsson’s name will change and we will be known as Sony Mobile Communications. Throughout 2012 we will continue our shift to smartphones as we become part of Sony.Smartphones are a fundamental component of the Sony convergence strategy and the vision of an integrated user experience for all Sony consumers. The integration will also enable us to join forces and utilise Sony’s and our own strengths to create new initiatives in the area of sustainability. Together we will work hard to ensure that sustainability is a thread that runs all the way through our business via the life cycle approach, from the activities in our supply chain to our recycling initiatives. Thank you for your interest in our 2011 Sustainability Report and please continue to give us your feedback via our GreenHeart blog: http:// blogs. onyericsson. com/greenheart Bert Nordberg President and Chief Executive Officer Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications 4 2011 Sustainability Report | A word from our President and Chief Executive Officer Governance In October 2011, Sony announced its intent to acquire Ericsson’s 50 percent share in Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications, making the mobile handset business a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sony. The transaction is expected to close in February, subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals, and Sony Ericsson will be renamed Sony Mobile Communications.At Board level Sir Howard Stringer, Chairman, CEO and President of Sony Corporation, remained Chairman of the Board of Sony Ericsson. Hans Vestberg, President and CEO of Ericsson, remained Deputy Chairman of the Board of Sony Ericsson. Bert Nordberg remained President and CEO of Sony Ericsson and in July 2011, Yoshihisa (Bob) Ishida was appointed as Deputy CEO and Executive Vice President. Al ong with some of its global corporate functions in London, Sony Ericsson has sales and marketing operations in major regions of the world.Its product development and R&D activities sites are based in: †¢ Beijing, China †¢ Lund, Sweden †¢ Silicon Valley, United States †¢ Tokyo, Japan Sony Ericsson’s financial risk management is governed by a policy approved by the Sony Ericsson Board. The management of the risks is executed by a centralised treasury function and its principal role is to ensure appropriate financing, manage the liquidity, to secure effective cash-management and to manage the accounts receivable, as well as managing and controlling financial risk exposures in a manner consistent with underlying business risk and financial policy.How our organisation is structured President & CEO Corporate Functions Deputy CEO & EVP EVP, Sales & Marketing Technology Product Quality & Validation Operations Sales Marketing 2011 Sustainability Report | Governance 5 Governance Financial risk management People Sony Ericsson prides itself on the range of talented people who work for us and make us who we are as a company. Without our employees we would not remain an innovator in the industry so we would like to say a big thank you to all the people who work to bring our products to life and to the market.While 2011 was a year of change for our employees, with the announcement that Sony will acquire Ericsson’s stake in the company, it was also the beginning of a new start as we embark on a new journey within the Sony family. Total Headcount in 2011 5% 30% 38% 2011 Total 8056 China Germany Japan Other Sweden USA 14% 11% 2% Code of conduct and governance Sony Ericsson has a Corporate Social Responsibility Code in place to make sure that the human rights of all our employees are complied with and respected throughout the company.In addition, we have an HR governance structure in place to ensure that all local and international laws with res pect to employee and human rights are adhered to. Both the Corporate Social Responsibility Code and HR governance structure are run in close association along with employee representatives around the world. In addition, our HR team works directly with the global management team to bring to life these initiatives and ensure that Sony Ericsson is a preferred employer in the locations in which we operate. People 30% 2011 Gender Female Male 70% 5% 1% 16% 25% 2011 Age group 18-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+Global diversity We are a global organisation with our employees coming from over 70 countries across the world, so diversity in all its forms is embedded into everything we do. As such we appreciate and aim to nurture all the benefits that working in a global organisation can bring and we are committed to improving cultural and gender diversity within the business. 53% 4% Talent and performance management Talent management is extremely important to us in ensuring that we identify the right people for the right positions in our company and also hold onto our best and brightest employees.Our Talent Management Programme is specifically designed to help us do this and so far we have seen great success here. This programme works hand in hand with other initiatives such as our global leadership programme for particular leadership talents. All of our employees are also reviewed and appraised through a yearly performance management process and in 2011 we once again conducted our global employee engagement survey. 40% 2011 Nationality American 29% Chinese German Japanese Other 11% 14% 2% Swedish 6 2011 Sustainability Report | PeopleVision in sustainability Our vision: †¢ The resources consumed to make and use our products should not limit future generations to fulfil their goals and dreams †¢ Every Sony Ericsson product should be safe and not pose any threat to the environment throughout its full life cycle †¢ Our products should be produced in fair and sustaina ble working conditions The overall Sony Ericsson sustainability vision is that the value of our products and the experiences from them should outweigh the resources that they consume.We have a responsibility to our customers and end-users to consider and take into account the whole life cycle impact of our products. Our mission is that the production of our products, and indeed the products themselves, should have a minimal ecological footprint. This vision includes a better life for this generation and next generations to come, striving to become even better by reducing any environmental impact and lowering our use of resources. 2011 Sustainability Report | Vision in sustainability 7 Vision in sustainability Design Production Supply GreenHeart & Energy Use End of LifeGreenHeartâ„ ¢ For us it is not about making one green phone, it is about making all phones green. One of our key challenges is to raise the environmental awareness when people buy and use mobile phones. With this i n mind GreenHeartâ„ ¢ was created as a way of providing a comprehensive approach to building and communicating a more sustainable business. GreenHeartâ„ ¢ is all about giving consumers a greener choice. We are committed to lowering the overall environmental impact of our products by implementing green initiatives across the portfolio without compromising on features, functionality or design.From the very beginning, with the launch of the Sony Ericsson C901â„ ¢ GreenHeartâ„ ¢ in 2009, the intention was to make every Sony Ericsson phone and accessory a GreenHeartâ„ ¢ product. For us GreenHeartâ„ ¢ is not a competition to produce the ‘greenest’ products, it is an initiative to improve our entire portfolio and make a positive impact on the environment. We want to ensure that every Sony Ericsson phone and accessory includes GreenHeartâ„ ¢ credentials and, step-by-step we are working towards this goal. Design Production Supply GreenHeartâ„ ¢ In 2011 we implemented GreenHeartâ„ ¢ to our core analysis portfolio.With Xperiaâ„ ¢ neo, Xperiaâ„ ¢ neo V, Xperiaâ„ ¢ pro, Xperiaâ„ ¢ mini and Xperiaâ„ ¢ mini pro we offer more Use End of Life eco-friendly smartphones on the Androidâ„ ¢ platform. The back covers of the 2011 Xperiaâ„ ¢ Greenheartâ„ ¢ smartphones contain 50% – 70% recycled plastics, which Design Production helps to conserve scarce natural resources and reduce Supply the use of oil based virgin plastics. We have worked hard to use waterborne paints in as many GreenHeartâ„ ¢ Carbon footprint products as possible, which significantly lower emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) compared to Use End of Life solvent-based paints.From the beginning of 2011, all of our new headsets and chargers were GreenHeartâ„ ¢ compliant. Our headsets use recycled plastics and our chargers fulfil Energy Star V requirements and have Design Production a no-load power consumption of ? 30 mW. Supply As a t estament to our GreenHeartâ„ ¢ credentials and our Recycling commitment to continually improve the environmental impact of our phones, during 2011 Sony Ericsson Use Xperiaâ„ ¢ mini received the EISA Green Smart Phone 2011 – 2012 award. Design Production Supply Life cycle End of Life Substance control Use End of LifeEnergy consumption is a hot topic amongst users of smart phones and that’s where the Sony Ericsson Xperiaâ„ ¢Design mini Production outperforms the direct competition, be it used as a mobile Supply phone, music machine, mobile internet device or even photo camera. Recycling by SIMS Mirec Recycling Solutions, CSR the world’s largest electrical and electronics recovery and recycling company, clearly shows that when it comes to Use chemical analyses, the Sony Ericsson Xperiaâ„ ¢ mini scores End of Life best also. Despite its compact size and weight, the Sony Ericsson Xperiaâ„ ¢ mini is a clear Green winner in the mobile Design phone market of today.Production http://www. eisa. eu/award/56/european-green-smartphone-2011-2012. html Our Use Supply factory End of Life Design Production Supply Health Use End of Life Design Production Supply 8 2011 Sustainability Report Community | GreenHeartâ„ ¢ engagement Use Charger rating ? 0. 03 W No-load power consumption score chart > 0. 03 to 0. 15 W > 0. 15 to 0. 25 W ? 0. 03 W We have also introduced environmentally conscious packaging concepts for our accessory products. During 2011, we replaced all our plastic blister packaging with other more energy efficient solutions.Also, we reduced the packaging material by up to 30% and are using up to 50% smaller boxes in comparison to 2010. Finally, to save natural resources we do not provide No stars extended paper manuals and CDs with our phones. By replacing paper manuals with an electronic in-phone version, we have saved approximately 350 tons of paper per million phones produced. This is equivalent to 13,000 trees and 75,000 cub ic meters of water. > 0. 250. 03 to 0. 15 W > to 0. 35 W > to 0. 5 W > 0. 350. 15 to 0. 25 W > 0. 5> 0. 25 to 0. 35 W W > 0. 35 to 0. 5 W No stars > 0. 5 W Mobile Device Charger Energy Mobile DeviceIPP project Phase 1 Voluntary Agreement EU and Industry IPP project Phase 1 Agreement EU and Industry Voluntary Manufacturer/Producer: Sony Ericsson Manufacturer/Producer: Sony Ericsson Model: EP-800 Model: No-load consumption: ? 30mW EP-300 No-load consumption: 30 mW Charger Energy Mobile Device Charger Energy Mobile Device Voluntary Agreement EU and Industry IPP Voluntary Phase 1 EU and Industry project Agreement Manufacturer/Producer: Sony Ericsson Manufacturer/Producer: Sony Ericsson Model: CST-15 Model: No-load consumption: CST-15 60 mW No-load consumption: 60 mW IPP project Phase 1Charger Energy Mobile Device Energy Mobile Device Charger Charger Energy Voluntary Agreement EU Voluntary Agreement EU and Industry Charger Energy and Industry Charger Energy IPP project Phase 1 IPP projec t Phase 1 Mobile Device Mobile Device Mobile Device Mobile Device Charger Energy Voluntary Agreement EU and Industry IPP project Phase 1 Charger Energy 2011 Sustainability Report | GreenHeartâ„ ¢ 9 GreenHeartâ„ ¢ Consumers have high expectations of our products and it is important that the packaging reflects the overall experience of the phone.But packaging is also key to achieving a positive environmental impact and we have optimised the packaging of our products to make them more eco-friendly. We only use recyclable packaging materials and all packaging parts can be separated to facilitate recycling. Minimised packaging allows us to send more phones within each shipment, cutting down CO2 from transportation and saving non-renewable fuels. All our phone packaging boxes are made from paper and we are able to trace the origin of our virgin paper material. Whenever technically possible we use ink and varnish which is solvent-free and vegetable oil based ink.Design Production Sup ply Life cycle analysis Use End of Life Life cycle analysis Working with the life cycle perspective – our products When we assess the impact our products have on the environment, we look at the whole life cycle. The journey begins with the sourcing of materials, component manufacturing and product assembly. The products are then shipped to customers around the world and reach the end of their journey in the hands of consumers. With the availability of software updates, the lifetime of the phone can be prolonged but eventually a consumer will more than likely purchase a new handset.As a responsible consumer, he or she will recycle the old phone so that the materials can be used to make new products. The life cycle description above, gives a very brief introduction to what needs to be considered when analysing the impact that a product has on the environment. Key factors in this process include substance control, limiting greenhouse gas emissions and increasing recycling but it is also about people and having a positive social impact on the world. Sony Ericsson works hard to address all of these elements and to contribute to society through community engagement activities.Design Production Supply carbon footprint for each phase is measured or estimated footprint based on common behaviour and practices. All of these figures are added together and the total Use represents the overall environmental impact of the product. At Sony Ericsson we first completed a full life cycle analysis (LCA) Design in 2008 on a W890*. That work resulted in an LCA model Production that we still use internally today to measure and keep track of the carbon footprint of our products. Carbon End of Life SupplyLife cycle analysis Life cycle assessment of our phones One way of measuring the impact a product has on the environment is to calculate its carbon footprint. This means that each phase of the product’s life is analysed and a The LCA that we conduct on our products is ba sed on a three year life expectancy. As shown in the figures, the Use End of Life biggest impact area is the component manufacturing. This is because the manufacturing of electronic components, especially integrated circuits and displays, is very energy intensive.The second largest impact isDesign the Production user phase which includes the energy that the end user consumes to charge the phone. As you can see, the user Supply Substance phase for W890 creates a slightly larger impact than for control Xperiaâ„ ¢ arc. The difference is small however and the reason it isn’t greater is that even though we have worked hard to Use End of Life reduce the energy consumption of our chargers, the fact that a smartphone has a greater functionality increases its energy consumption.For W890, the transportation of the Design components and the phones has the third biggest impact, Production while for Xperiaâ„ ¢ arc, the third biggest impact area is the Supply raw material extraction. The reason that the transportation impact is lower for Xperiaâ„ ¢ arc is largely due CSR to Sony Ericsson’s improvement work with reducing packaging and removing materials such as CDs and extended Use End of Life paper manuals. Design Production Supply Recycling Our factory Use End of Life Design Production Supply Health Use End of Life Design Production SupplyCommunity engagement Use End of Life *In a formal Critical Review Panel carried out in 2010 at The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Sweden and chaired by The Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), it was found that the overall quality and review process for the Sony Ericsson W890 life cycle analysis was excellent and in full compliance with the ISO 14040 series standards. 10 2011 Sustainability Report | Life cycle analysis Here are some examples to give an indication of how the LCA and the carbon footprint differ between some Sony Ericsson products.Results cannot be directly compared to other manufact urers as there is currently no common model used to calculate them. †¢ Xperiaâ„ ¢ arc: 31kg CO2 equivalents †¢ Xperiaâ„ ¢ mini: 28kg CO2 equivalents †¢ Sony Ericsson txt: 19kg CO2 equivalents †¢ Sony Ericsson W890: 24kg CO2 equivalents The figures above clearly show that high-end phones like Xperiaâ„ ¢ arc generally have a higher carbon footprint than low end phones such as Sony Ericsson txt or the W890. Smartphones are high end phones, and as we commit to expanding our smartphone range we realise that addressing the carbon footprint of smartphones is going to be a growing challenge for us.In the short term, this is resulting in an increased environmental impact, however we are keeping track of this and are working to find sustainable solutions. W890 LCA result 2008 16% 8% 2% 4% Raw material extraction Component manufacture Transportation Sony Ericsson Activities 14% 56% Phone assembly, testing and warehousing Usage Xperiaâ„ ¢ arc LCA result 2011 2% 3 % 8% 15% 9% Raw material extraction Component manufacture Transportation Sony Ericsson Activities Phone assembly, testing and warehousing Usage Our goalIn 2008, Sony Ericsson set a goal to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from the full life cycle of our products by 15% by 2015, based on 2008 levels. In 2008, the total emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents were 2,036,165 tonnes. In 2011 that number was reduced to 1,018,400 tonnes CO2 equivalents, equalling a reduction of 50%. As these absolute figures correlate to sales it is important to continue to focus on reducing the carbon emissions for each individual product to reach our long term goal. 63% 2011 Sustainability Report | Life cycle analysis 11 Life cycle analysisDesign Production Supply Carbon footprint Use End of Life Carbon footprint Our carbon footprint As we have explained in the previous LCA section, one of the tools we use to measure the impact Sony Ericsson’s products have on the environment is by calculating their carbon footprint. We also use this methodology for our business activities which includes keeping track of and reporting our direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions according to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol). Design Production Supply Our goal Recycling End of Life Carbon footprintThe GHG Protocol defines three Scopes of how companies should report their greenhouse gas emissions. Scope 1 is for direct greenhouse gas emissions that come from sources that the company owns or controls. Scope 2 is for indirect greenhouse gas emissions from purchased electricity which includes purchased electricity, steam, heating and cooling. Scope 3 is optional and is used for reporting other big indirect greenhouse gas emissions. Under Scope 1, Sony Ericsson reports fugitive greenhouse gas emissions from air conditioning equipment and emissions from employee travel in company ehicles. Under Scope 2 we report greenhouse gas emissions from purchased electricity, steam, heating an d cooling for our manufacturing site and offices. We also choose to report Scope 3, under which we report greenhouse gas emissions from business travel and logistics. In 2008, Sony Ericsson set the goal to reduce the Use greenhouse gas emissions from our internal activities by 20% by 2015, using the 2008 levels as the baseline. The internal activities are defined as Scope 1 and 2 emissions Design and the emissions from business travel.In 2010 we had Production reduced our greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 11%. In 2011, we are at approximately the same level, Substance 10% compared to the baseline, but we are still confident control in meeting our 2015 target. Supply Use End of Life As seen in the tables, emissions from logistics and business travel decreased over 2011, while emissions from manufacturing and Sony Ericsson offices, Scopes Design 1 and 2, remain about the same. The drop in the logistics Production figures is partly due to Sony Ericsson’s transformation t o Supply a smartphone only business developing fewer low-end phones.To reach our 2015 target, we need to reduce our CSR Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions as well as our business travel emissions. We are currently half way to meeting our Use target and ready to take on the challenge of further reducing End of Life our emissions. Over the course of 2011 further actions were taken and initiatives were put in place to achieve this Design target. A brief summary of these can be found in the paragraph Production Supply below. We are committed to continue these in 2012 and believe that they will help us reach our target. OurDuring 2011 we worked with our transport providers to find ways to reduce our carbon emissions for Use logistics, as well End of Life as initiating a site review project to conduct environmental reviews of our office sites. The aim is to identify improvement areas and to make each site more sustainable. Design Production Going into 2012 we will continue this work and strive to lessen the environmental impact from all of our offices and Supply transportation activities. factory Health Renewable energy and green buildings Currently Sony Ericsson uses 100% renewable energy for our sites in Sweden.Lund, Sweden, is Sony Ericsson’s biggest site and the renewable energy used there and Design at our other Swedish site totals approximately 26% of Production all the electricity used by Sony Ericsson. The renewable electricity is certified by the Swedish Society for Nature Community Conservation and is made exclusively from renewable engagement energy sources, such as hydropower and power from biomass. Sony Ericsson strongly believes in sustainability Use and this is reflected when we choose our office buildings and was a key consideration when Sony Ericsson moved into a new building in Atlanta, USA.One of the criteria in the search for the building was that it should have a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification. The building that was chosen not only has a LEED Gold certificate which is the second highest LEED certification, but Sony Ericsson also made sure to certify the tenant fit-out which received a LEED Gold certificate. Use End of Life Supply End of Life 12 2011 Sustainability Report | Carbon footprint Carbon footprint figures kg CO2 Offices and In-house manufacturing Business travel Logistics TotalScope 3 TOTAL (Scope 1, 2 & 3) Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Scope 3 2008 573,431 36,366,259 26,378,287 189,643,325 216,021,612 252,961,302 2009 1,098,395 33,535,653 19,705,217 120,683,029 140,388,246 175,022,294 2010 564,369 33,009,027 22,569,047 89,388,498 111,957,545 145,530,941 2011 759,230 33,589,827 22,447,594 56,561,422 79,009,016 113,358,074 kg CO2 TOTAL of SE internal activities (Scope 1, 2, 3 excl. logistics) Yearly reduction result (%) of SE internal activities (Scope 1, 2, 3 excl. logistics) Reduction result (%) of SE internal activities against the target baseline 2008 (Scope 1, 2, 3 excl.Logistic s) 2008 63,317,977 N/A N/A 2009 54,339,265 -14% -14% 2010 56,142,443 3% -11% 2011 56,796,651 1% -10% Renewable energy For sites Of all purchased electricity 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 38% 42% 44% 53% 47% 23% 25% 29% 31% 26% Total absolute results Scope 1 and 2 (In-house manufacturing + Sony Ericsson offices) kg CO2 – absolute 2008 – 2009 2008 – 2010 2010 – 2011 2008 – 2011 -6% -9% 2% -7% Total absolute results Scope 1, 2 & 3 (manufacturing, Sony Ericsson offices, business travel, logistics) kg CO2 – absolute 2008 – 2009 2008 – 2010 2010 – 2011 2008 – 2011 31% -42% -22% -55% Scope 1 and 2 In-house manfacturing kg CO2 – absolute 2008 – 2009 2008 – 2010 2010 – 2011 2008 – 2011 Sony Ericsson offices kg CO2 – absolute 2008 – 2009 2008 – 2010 2010 – 2011 2008 – 2011 -1% -13% 8% -6% -9% -7% -1% -8% Scope 3 Business travel kg CO2 – absolute 2008 â €“ 2009 2008 – 2010 2010 – 2011 2008 – 2011 Logistics kg CO2 – absolute 2008 – 2009 2008 – 2010 2010 – 2011 2008 – 2011 -36% -53% -37% -70% -25% -14% -1% -15% NOTE: The 2008 (baseline), 2009 and 2010 data has been updated as a result of error corrections and better data collection.This explains the increased figures for the Sony Ericsson offices and the decreased figures for renewable energy, compared to the results presented in earlier reports. 2011 Sustainability Report | Carbon footprint 13 Carbon footprint Design Production Supply Recycling Use End of Life Recycling Too precious to throw away Our phones remain valuable assets even after the end of their useful life, thanks to the materials contained within them. Those materials, when used again, reduce the need for mining and further depleting the Earth’s resources.We have been helping to facilitate this recycling journey since 2008. 0 20 40 Design Production Sup ply Substance Number of countries covered bycontrol recycling information 2009 – 2011 Use 60 80 100 End of Life Design Supply January 2009 January 2010 January 2011 December 2011 6 8 8 9 29 30 32 Use Production59 Why recycle? When not properly taken care of, waste can have negative impacts on both human health and the environment. However, there is a way to avoid these negative effects as well as to recover valuable materials (especially metals) through controlled recycling.Recycling can significantly reduce the demand for virgin metals and contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the mining and primary production of precious metals – both very CO2 intensive activities. Additionally, by reducing the need for landfills, recycling makes it possible to use the land in a better way so it does not become redundant â€Å"wasteland†. 58 55 CSR End of Life Recycling General information Third party system Sony Ericsson’s own systems Production Supply D esignOur We aim to increase direct collection from end users, with a factory Recycling facts & figures Although mobile phones hold big potential for material and value recovery at their end-of-life, they are rarely recycled. Sony Ericsson set out to change this with our Global Take-Back programme, which we launched in 2008. The starting point was establishing the Global Environmental Warranty guaranteeing environmentally sound recycling of phones collected by us. In the next stage we established and increased the number of recycling collection schemes.However, we soon recognised that to better support our consumers we also needed to raise awareness of recycling in general and of our Global Take-Back programme. To achieve this we set out to provide readily available and easy-to-understand information on local recycling possibilities: www. sonyericsson. com/recycle. We also provide recycling information with our products, and all of our call centre agents are trained to answer recycli ng-related questions. We have come a long way since we started this initiative with only six countries.Today we provide information on recycling schemes in 41 countries, nine of which are run by or in co-operation with Sony Ericsson with approximately 500 collection and information points or pre-paid collection initiatives. In the other 32 countries we support and direct our users to industry, municipality and privately owned recycling schemes. focus on countries that currently do not have any recycling Use support initiatives in place. One of our activities, which began in 2011, aims to increase recycling collection through free postal return.Production Since we started the recycling collection initiative, the volumes processed by Sony Ericsson have grown from approximately 800,000 in 2009 to over one million in 2011. Design End of Life Supply Health Number of phones collected Use by Sony Ericsson 2009 – 2011 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 2009 2010 2011 Production Total Design End of Life annually Community engagement Total accumulated Supply Use End of Life It is important to note that these volumes constitute only a fraction of all collected Sony Ericsson phones.The total figure of all recycled Sony Ericsson phones includes the high volume of phones handled within external recycling systems, by industry and charities, partially with Sony Ericsson’s support. Of course in order to successfully drive recycling, actions must start at home. Thanks to company-wide efforts, recycling has become part of our employees’ everyday lives and way of thinking. Internally at Sony Ericsson offices, we provide collection bins and have processes in place to allow our employees to easily recycle both phones and accessories. 14 2011 Sustainability Report | Recycling Made to be recycledOur phones are designed to last and they undergo rigorous quality tests before being released to the market, but at some point all phones must reach the end of their life. All collected devices, whether from our customers or our employees, are processed by our designated recycling partners, who have been carefully chosen on the basis of the security and control of handled material and their environmental credentials. The recycling process, which was co-designed by Sony Ericsson with our recycling partners, delivers not only highly effective material and components recovery but also detailed reporting. mproper disposal of electronic waste in developing countries. We do not refurbish collected products as we believe that end-of-life devices are best used for material and components recovery. We encourage consumers to recycle Sony Ericsson phones wherever possible. Another challenge is how to measure the volumes of phones captured and recycled in systems other than our own. This is caused by the fact that most of these schemes collect mobile phones in a mixed stream of small electronics and IT equipment. We are working with the schemes where we participate to address this issue.Challenges Only an estimated 3% of all obsolete phones will be recycled, the rest will end up, at least initially, in storage. Currently recycling has strong competition – there are many companies buying mobile phones for refurbishing and re-sale. Revenue from selling repaired end-of-life phones generates at least ten times their recycling value; this is driving the sales of an estimated several hundred million refurbished phones a year. While we support the principle of reuse, we are concerned with the quality and safety of these products, as well as with issues aroundWhat can be reused? †¢ The phone housing is mostly made of high grade plastic or metal alloys, both of these types of materials can be recycled into various products †¢ Some parts and components, such as LCDs or cameras, can be reused in other electronic products †¢ Gold, silver, platinum and copper can be recovered through smelting processes and reused in electronic products or for jewellery 2011 Sustainability Report | Recycling 15 Recycling Design Production Supply Substance control Use End of Life Substance control Safe and secure materials in our productsSony Ericsson has a strong commitment to manufacture products with materials and substances that are safe and secure to our common earth and following generations. Sony Ericsson works to reduce the impact of our products, through the whole life cycle. We recognise the importance of ensuring that chemicals used in our manufacturing processes are controlled, monitored and not released in a way that has a negative impact on the environment. Sony Ericsson strives to continuously identify and develop alternatives to potentially hazardous and critical substances, see figure below.We are committed to continuously improve our environmental impact and this is mirrored in our daily work with sustainable work-flows that are aimed at creating a sustainable innovative leadership. Continuo us improvement Sustainable innovative leadership Design Production Supply CSR â€Å"Hazardous Chemicals Substitution and Elimination† at an event in Shenzhen, China organised by Greenpeace East Asia, Chemsec and BSR. Use End of Life Substance control â€Å"Sony Ericsson also reached out to manufacturers from a wide range of industries at a business seminar Design Production in Shenzhen, China, co-organised by Greenpeace East Asia, ChemSec and BSR.At the seminar, Sony Ericsson Supply Our introduced its phase-out programs and material factory declaration systems. It is important that experience gained from one industry on hazardous substance Use End of Life phase-out can be passed on to other industries that are facing similar challenges. It will help inspire and facilitate the establishment of similar programs within Design other sectors†, Tianjie Ma, Head of Toxics Campaign, Production Greenpeace East Asia Supply Step2 Review by 3rd party on the performance Publicly di sclose report & the goals fulfilment on progress towards goals Step4Step3 Sony Ericsson’s environmental working procedures have Health been recognised by the United Nations Environment Programme2 (UNEP) as well as a number of authorities and Use non-governmental organisations. In 2011, Sony Ericsson was engaged in the UNEP work within the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management3 (SAICM) and Chemicals in Products (CiP) to reduceDesign Production the use of substances of concern in products. Compliance verification process End of Life Supply Publicly share internal guidelines & set goals Step1 Full Disclosure Materials Declarations Chemical AnalysisSony Ericsson has engaged Environmental Heroes, such as our environmental coordinators, throughout the organisation to ensure that we consistently meet the high requirements we have set ourselves. They also make sure that our partners and suppliers fulfil our tough requirements, and drive the process of replacing haz ardous and critical substances. One of the key documents we highlight to our partners, suppliers, factories and customers is the Sony Ericsson List of Banned and Restricted Substances. This document, which goes beyond compulsory legal regulations, sets out our environmental targets for replacing banned and restricted substances.The document is continuously updated and new substances added as required. For every phone model we put on the market a specific Environmental Declaration is available for download from our website. These documents detail various aspects of each phone including material content, energy consumption, battery, packaging and recycling information. Sony Ericsson is constantly working with non-governmental organisations, industry bodies and relevant authorities to identify areas where we can lower the environmental impact of our products.An example of this pro-active collaboration was shown when we joined a seminar on the topic 16 Identifying materials and substanc es in the supply chain Our Environmental Design Review process is intended to ensure that we meet legal and internal requirements to prevent the distribution of hazardous and critical substances in our products. This is further illustrated in the pictures above and below. In 2008 we launched our Compliance Check System, a database which contains information from external sources and suppliers that is linked to Sony Ericsson’s product life management system.Full material declarations are required from suppliers to meet industry standard IPC-1752. It is through this mechanism that all phones and accessories are thoroughly screened. They are also tested by third-party laboratories for chemical content before going to market. 2011 Sustainability Report | Substance control Environmental Design Review Environmental Declaration Establish internal chemical policy guidelines & procedures The Sony Ericsson Lists of banned and Restricted Substances Environmental Declaration on every Son y Ericsson phoneCommunity engagement Customer Requirements, Regulation, Strategies, Goals and Targets Use Banned and Restricted Substance List End of Life Design for Environment Substance control procedures SEMC request CuO Al 2 O3 O(CC)C=O 26. 5 % 89-27-6 Fe 3. 89 % 0. 56 % Pass Environmental declaration By clearly articulating our requirements to our first tier suppliers, Sony Ericsson creates a system whereby our suppliers and their suppliers systematically phase out hazardous and critical substances. Phase out of critical substancesBFR’s Phase out in boards, casing, cables Lead Phase out PVC Phase out Beryllium Phase out Organic bromine & chlorine compounds ROHS Compliant 2005 REACH Candidate Substance Substance control control Sony Ericsson is one step ahead Sony Ericsson products are compliant with applicable laws and regulations including the EU Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS and RoHS 2) and REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals). We believe the electronics industry has a responsibility to proactively find substitutes to replace brominated flame retardants (BFR) and other critical halogens, PVC and critical phthalates.Sony Ericsson started phasing out BFR’s early in 2000 and our new products for 2012 and onwards will be BFR free. All new Sony Ericsson products are phthalate free, with regard to those phthalates targeted and regulated by the EU, but we are striving to go beyond the legal requirements and aim to phase out all phthalates from our products soon. The next step in our phase out programme is to work to remove all organic brominated and chlorine compounds in our products. ALL phthalates Phase outAntimony and tin organics Phase out 96 06 07 08 09 10 11†¦ Sony Ericsson has been successful in phasing out critical substances. Today we are proud to say that we are free from brominated flame retardants (BFR), PVC, beryllium and for part of our portfolio we are also free of antimony, phthalates an d organic bromine and chlorine compounds. The phase out procedure can be seen in the figure above. 2 3 http://www. unep. org SAICM was developed by a multi-stakeholder and multi-sectoral Preparatory Committee.It supports the achievement of the goal agreed at the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development of ensuring that, by the year 2020, chemicals are produced and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on the environment and human health. CiP which is driven by SAICM, aims to ensure , that information is available and transmitted through the production chain for the benefit of multiple stakeholders. 2011 Sustainability Report | Substance control 17 Substance control CuO 125-63-2 87-32-8 Full material declaration Au 1. 2 % 109-94-4 Al 1$ 3 + 4 2 Compliance check (RoHS, Reach) Design Production Supply CSR Use End of Life Supply chain We are continuously evolving our approach towards supply chain corporate social responsibility Sony Ericsson believes in respect for human rights and the ethical treatment of all employees, both internally and in our wider supply chain, because we think that everybody in the value chain has the same rights and responsibilities. Our Supplier Social Responsibility Code (Supplier Code) is in place to ensure that our values and principles are driven through the entire supply chain.From our work with suppliers we have learned that both a thorough understanding by suppliers and long term engagement by Sony Ericsson are required in order to build up continuous positive changes in the supply chain. In 2011, Sony Ericsson continued with our strategy of social responsibility engagement by carrying out a number of detailed assessments across our suppliers’ sites by internal CSR specialists. In total, 77 visits were made to 41 sites around the world including component suppliers and production sites.Of the suppliers we visited in 2011 about 76% received a second visit or more, indicating our efforts and f ocus in providing sufficient education on our social responsibility requirements and on building a relationship of trust with our suppliers. The number of CSR visits and percentage of re-visits 2009 Number of Visits % of re-visit 36 75% 2010 47 74% 2011 77 76% Design Production Supply Concerns about raw materials Our factory Sony Ericsson shares concerns surrounding raw material Use End of Life and mineral extraction activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and its neighbouring countries.Sony Ericsson is committed to finding effective solutions to Design concerns surrounding raw material extractions and our Production approach to these issues is twofold. Not only do we Supply assess our first tier suppliers for their understanding of Health and conformance with our Supplier Social Responsibility Code, but also we work with the wider industry to support initiatives such as the Conflict Free Smelter program Use End of Life developed by the Global e-Sustainability Initi ative (GeSI) and Electronics Industry Citizenship Coalition (EICC).In 2011, we participated in a number of discussions held Design Production by the GeSI/EICC Supply Chain/Extractives working group and by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Supply Community Development (OECD) on the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Mineralsengagement from ConflictAffected and High-Risk Areas to help tackle this issue. Use End of Life Supply chain The more suppliers understand our requirements, the more we start to see positive improvements from suppliers themselves.In 2011 for the first time, the category of ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ became a part of the Supplier Awards given to suppliers for their performance over the year. The supplier, who was awarded in the Corporate Social Responsibility category, was chosen due to its clear support of and dedication to supplier responsibility during 2011. In order to strengthen the internal knowledge of our social responsibility policies and requirements within our supply chain, Sony Ericsson has developed an internal online training course.The aim of this course is to provide our employees with the opportunity to learn about our essential values in this area and raise awareness of the practices they may encounter at our supplier sites. The contents of the training include information on fair working conditions, health and safety, environmental management and anti-corruption. 18 2011 Sustainability Report | Supply chain Design Production Supply Our factory Use End of Life Our factory Beijing SE Potevio Mobile Communications Co. , Ltd. is Sony Ericsson’s main production and distribution centre and only in-house manufacturing facility.Beijing SE Potevio Mobile Communications Co. , Ltd. (BMC) is jointly owned by Sony Ericsson and local partners China Potevio and Nanjing Panda Electronics Group, two of the largest companies in the Chinese electronics telecommunications indust ry. Design Production Supply Our carbon footprint figures for manufacturing Health for Sony Ericsson as a whole reflect the overall reduction in electricity and steam consumption. However, an increasingly Use End of Life important factor and resource is water and its consumption. The table below shows how BMC has lowered its water consumption between 2008 and 2011.Design Production Factory Water Consumption (ton) Compared to 2008 (%) Compared to 2009 (%) Compared to 2010 (%) 2008 156,713 N/A N/A N/A 2009 129,940 -17% N/A N/A We take environmental, health and safety management very seriously. As such, we have four different management systems with integrated processes and procedures to, among other things, manage documents, control internal audits, ensure compliance with regulations, set corrective actions and put in place continuous improvement activities for environmental, health and safety management.In this way we ensure that environmental and social factors are an integrated par t of our daily operations and business practices at the factory. Sony Ericsson requires all manufacturing sites, including the BMC facility, and suppliers to have an Environmental Management System such as ISO 14001 or equivalent and a Health and Safety Management System such as OHSAS 18001 or equivalent in place. BMC has been certified for ISO 14001 since 1999 and for OHSAS 18001 since 2009 by Det Norske Veritas (DNV). All of our activities are audited and certified by Det Norske Veritas (DNV) in accordance with ISO 9001:2008 (Quality Management Systems).Twice a year, BMC internally reviews and evaluates its compliance to all applicable laws and regulations according to its EHS Management Systems, additionally all environmental aspects and health and safety hazards are also identified and assessed to evaluate their impact in normal and potential emergency situations. According to the risk value, significant hazards are identified and activities for reducing and controlling their im pact are worked out. BMC also receives a periodical EHS audit twice a year by the external party DNV. 2% N/A -7% -8% CSR activitiesOur factory is regularly assessed against our Supplier Social Responsibility Code for labour, health and safety aspects. As part of and to complement this assessment, BMC initiated its first self-assessment in 2008 and now updates yearly. The last update was carried out in Q4 2011. Since 2008 BMC has been subscribed to the ElectronicTool for Accountable Supply Chains (E-TASC), to easily share Sony Ericsson’s CSR status in its factory operations with operators. E-TASC requests information on environmental practices, health and safety standards, ethical conduct and human rights. 2011 Sustainability Report | Our factory 9 Our factory Environmental, Health & Safety (EHS) Management Systems Community 132,340 121,246 engagement Use -16% 2010 2011 Supply -23% End of Life Design Production Supply Health Use End of Life Health Electromagnetic fields and Sp ecific Absorption Rates (SAR) At Sony Ericsson we acknowledge community concerns around electromagnetic fields and Specific Absorption Rates and the potential public health effects. We support and monitor the independent research and investigations conducted by the World Health Organisation (WHO). However, to protect the independence of the studies we are not actively involved in them.Some people are concerned that radio waves (electromagnetic fields, also known as EMF) from mobile phones and base stations may cause health problems. The overwhelming weight of scientific evidence, however, shows no association. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is the unit of measurement employed in the exposure guidelines for mobile phones and other specified radio equipment. Before Sony Ericsson releases a mobile phone model to the market we conduct tests to ensure that the handset complies with the SAR limit established by the relevant authorities.All information on SAR and Sony Ericsson products can be found on our website including reported SAR levels for each of our handsets. Please visit www. sonyericsson. com/health for more information. Design Production Supply Community engagement Use End of Life Health Nickel Following concerns raised around the potential risk of nickel causing irritation for people with sensitive skin, Sony Ericsson has removed nickel from contact surfaces. In 2008, Sony Ericsson prohibited nickel in parts that come into contact with the user during normal use. Our commitment to you All of our products have complete Environmental Declarations.These detail the material content of each Sony Ericsson device and are available for download from our website: www. sonyericsson. com/support 20 2011 Sustainability Report | Health Community engagement Response to the disaster in Japan On March 11 2011, an earthquake measuring 9. 0 on the Richter scale which then also generated a 30m tsunami hit the Tohoku region of Japan. The fatalities reached 15,000 with m ore than 3,000 missing. With our Japanese heritage it was a great shock for Sony Ericsson employees to experience the earthquake in Tokyo and then hear the news around the world.However, as soon the news spread, our employees galvanised to offer donations, volunteer their time and contribute in any way possible to support the disaster relief effort. Matching gifts to Red Cross Japan Immediately after the disaster, Sony Ericsson Japan participated in Sony’s matching gifts program for the Disaster Relief Fund for Victims of the Great Tohoku Earthquake. In just three weeks Sony Ericsson Japan raised over 5. 6 million JPY. Together with the amount collected from Sony employees in Japan, funds raised were donated to the Central Community Chest of Japan and delivered directly to the disaster victims.Outside of Japan, Sony Ericsson donated 75,000 EUR to the Japanese Red Cross. This lump sum donation was in addition to donations made by our parent companies Sony and Ericsson to a num ber of local charities. Playing tennis to raise funds for Japan disaster relief At the Sony Ericsson Open in Miami, Florida, USA in March, Sony Ericsson participated in a three-way fund raising initiative for the victims of the Japan earthquake and tsunami disaster, dubbed â€Å"Tennis for Japan†, featuring the stars of the Women’s Tennis Association (WTA) and the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) World Tour.Through collecting donations from the audience, sale of special edition T-shirts and a charity gala dinner, more than 300,000 USD was raised for the Japanese Red Cross, including a 50,000 USD contribution from Sony Ericsson. Restart Japan project Throughout the course of 2011, Sony Ericsson Japan continuously encouraged various charity programs internally and externally to support the Tohoku earthquake victims through the Restart Japan Fund. The Fund was established by Save the Children Japan (SCJ) in cooperation with Sony Corporation to support children â €“ the foundations of Japan’s future – who suffered as a result of the disaster.As of November 2011, Sony Ericsson Japan had raised over 6. 2 million JPY in total for the Restart Japan Fund. To raise donations, Sony Ericsson Japan held internal employee events as well as encouraging customers to support activities. Four kinds of special mobile phone straps were designed to inspire the recovery of Japan. The straps, designed by two designers who live in the Miyagi prefecture where the earthquake and tsunami hit, were presented to our customers who purchased accessory products from the Sony Ericsson Store and added a donation with their purchase.All the donations were then fully donated to the Restart Japan Fund. 2011 Sustainability Report | Community engagement 21 Community engagement 10th anniversary celebrations around the world Community engagement In October 2011, Sony Ericsson celebrated its 10th year as a joint venture between Sony Corporation and Ericsson and each regional office was tasked with planning an innovative way to celebrate the 10th anniversary. In the Asia Pacific region employees chose to celebrate Sony Ericsson’s 10th nniversary by giving back to the community. You can read more about what our employees in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore did below: Indonesia The team in Indonesia put together a charity program for a school for under-privileged children in the Depok suburb of Jakarta. This included classroom makeovers, book cases, school supplies, art and craft materials and healthy snacks. The team also spent a day with the children, taking part in various games, entertainment and fun activities.Singapore In Singapore, on September 30, 2011 39 Sony Ericsson volunteers spent a fun-filled day with 249 students and 62 staff at the LEE KONG CHIAN GARDENS SCHOOL (LGS), one of MIND’s special education schools. With a history that dates back to 1970, LGS is committed to teach, equip and train intellectually disabl ed pupils, enabling them to have a productive and purposeful life. The team organised a children’s carnival for the students at LSG with a huge range of activities including a bouncy castle, tug-of-war, various games stalls and soccer games.At the end of the carnival, each child was presented with a goodie bag to remember the day by. Engaging in local schools China – Hope School Project Over the past few years, Sony Ericsson has worked to promote charity in China, with a particular focus on the development of education through the Hope School project. In 2009 and 2010, Sony Ericsson funded the building of two Hope Primary Schools, one in the Sichuan Province and one in the Shanxi Province. In 2011, we continued to support the Hope School project by funding another Hope School in the Hebei Province.Malaysia Employees in Malaysia partnered with KSK, a charitable non-profit organisation set up to feed the needy and homeless in urban Kuala Lumpur. Besides contributing as a sponsor, the team also spent a day as volunteers preparing and packing food in the kitchen and then sending the food out to the slum areas in the city. In addition, employees from Sony Ericsson China visited the Chan Lin Township Primary School in Cang Xi County in the Sichuan Province for a donation ceremony and to present the students with invitation letters to participate in the 31st Beijing Marathon.The marathon was held on October 16, 2011 with 10 students from Sony Ericsson Hope Schools in rural areas of Sichuan, Qinghai, and Shanxi provinces and Sony Ericsson employees also participating. All students and Sony Ericsson employees finished their target routes successfully and afterwards, the students were invited to stay with Sony Ericsson emplo