a va" Informal French How Are You

Now that we have studied  the formal ways of saying how are you in French, lets look at the informal ways. Granted,  Ãƒ §a va is not the most formal French. But its so practical that its been used a lot in French lately, and has really made its way in almost all situations: among friends and family, of course, but also at the office or with acquaintances. Its only in the most formal of situations that it may not be appropriate. For example, you wouldnt say to the Queen of England Bonjour Votre Majestà ©, à §a va ? Ça Va: How Are You / How Is It Going? Ça va (pronounced sava, since the cedilla makes the C sound like an S) is truly the magical French language word language. Why? Because it never changes. It is used to both ask and answer common questions about well-being. Use Ça Va to Ask an Individual How Are You? Ça va Camille ? (How are you, Camille?)Oui, à §a va bien, merci. Et toi ? (Yes, Im fine, thanks. And you?) Whether you are using tu or vous doesnt matter: Ça va madame Chevalier ? (How are you, Madame Chevalier?)Oui, à §a va bien, merci. Et vous ?  (Yes, Im fine, thank you. And you ?) Use Ça Va to Ask Several People How Are You? Ça va bien vous deux ? (How are you both?)Ça va, à §a va, merci. Et toi ? (Fine, fine, and you?) Use Ça Va to Ask About Others Et vos enfants, à §a va ? (And your kids, are they OK?)Oui, à §a va bien, merci. (Yes, they are well, thanks.) You dont even need to use à §a va  to talk about people. Votre travail, à §a va ? (How is work?)La santà © de votre mà ¨re, à §a va ? (How is your mothers health?)

Definition and Examples of Contact Languages

A contact language is a marginal language (a type of lingua franca) used for purposes of basic communication by people with no common language. English as lingua franca (ELF), says Alan Firth, is a contact language between persons who share neither a common native tongue nor a common (national) culture, and for whom English is the chosen foreign language of communication (1996). Examples and Observations Ancient Greek around the Mediterranean basin, or later Latin throughout the Roman Empire, were both contact languages. They tend to vary in use in different local contexts, and there is often a great deal of local language interference. Latin, for example, later developed many local forms which eventually became French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and so on. The contact language usually dominates in situations in which the speakers of that language have military or economic power over other language users. . . .When the contact between groups of people is prolonged, a hybrid language can develop known as a pidgin. These tend to occur in situations where one language dominates, and there are two or more other languages at hand. (Peter Stockwell, Sociolinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2002)The most often cited example of a (bilingual) mixed system is Michif, a contact language that developed in Canada between French-speaking fur traders and their Cree-speaking wiv es. (Naomi Baron, Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved. Routledge, 2001) English (or ELF) as a Contact Language English as a Lingua Franca (henceforth ELF) refers, in a nutshell, to the worlds most extensive contemporary use of English, in essence, English when it is used as a contact language between people from different first languages (including native English speakers). (Jennifer Jenkins,  English as a Lingua Franca in the International University: The Politics of Academic English Language Policy. Routledge, 2013)ELF [English as a Lingua Franca] provides a kind of global currency for people from a great variety of backgrounds who come into contact with one another and use the English language as a default means of communication. ELF as a contact language is often used in short contact situations, such that fleeting English norms are in operation, with variation being one of the hallmarks of ELF (Firth, 2009). Thus ELF does not function as a territorialized and institutionalized second language, nor can it be described as a variety with its own literary or cultural products, as is the ca se with the English language used for instance in Singapore, Nigeria, Malaysia, or India, where WE [World Englishes] have emerged in different ways from much longer contact situations. (Juliane House, Teaching Oral Skills in English as a Lingua Franca.  Principles and Practices for Teaching English as an International Language, ed. by  Lubna Alsagoff et al. Routledge, 2012) Modifications A very naive view of language contact would probably hold that speakers take bundles of formal and functional properties, semiotic signs so to speak, from the relevant contact language and insert them into their own language. . . . A probably more realistic view held in language contact research is that whatever kind of material is transferred in a situation of language contact, this material necessarily experiences some sort of modification through contact. (Peter Siemund, Language Contact in Language Contact and Contact Languages, ed. by P. Siemund and N. Kintana. John Benjamins, 2008)

The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay...

Stem cells show potential for many different areas of health and medical research, and studying them can help us understand how they transform into the dazzling array of specialized cells that make us what we are. Some of the most serious medical conditions, such as cancer and birth defects, are caused by problems that occur somewhere in this process. A better understanding of normal cell development will allow us to understand and perhaps correct the errors that cause these medical conditions. A stem cell is a primitive type of cell that can be coaxed into developing into most of the 220 types of cells found in the human body (e.g. blood cells, heart cells, brain cells, etc). Some researchers regard them as offering the greatest†¦show more content†¦sent a letter to members of Congress urging them to support federal funding for... [Stem cell] research. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"If researchers can decode how cells develop into tissue and organs, then they will begin to understand the mechanisms of quot;abnormal growth and development which, in turn, could lead to the discovery of new ways to prevent and treat birth defects and even cancer.quot; Researchers might be able to develop specific cell types, tissues, organs, etc. from stem cells. The former could then be used to study the effects of new drugs. This should reduce the numbers of animal studies and human clinical trials that are requiredShow MoreRelatedThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesStates, research has become a viable tool for sustaining and prolonging human life. As research evolves, it brings along with it much controversy, especially where stem cell research is involved. Stem cell research can bring new insight to today’s medical field. 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Seven Deadly Sins in Doctor Faustus Essay Example For Students

Seven Deadly Sins in Doctor Faustus Essay Dr Faustus is a short play written by Christopher Marlowe. The play is a masterful insight into the paradoxical soul of mankind and its ironically self inflicted corruption. The play could be classification as a theological allegory. It can be assumed that the play specifically speaks to the religious motivations of the time, but can be adapted to the present as well. Marlowe portrays Faustus ambition as dangerous; it was the cause of his demise. Perhaps Marlowe used the theme of over-ambition as a warning to the audience, who would be likely to be wary of ambition it was looked down on as a negative personality trait in Christian England Calvinism Munteanu, Class notes. An on going theme within the story is the corruption of a soul which is played out through the use of religious beliefs. Specifically, the use of the seven deadly sins is a precursor to man kinds self inflicted death. Marlowe uses sin, redemption and damnation to get his point across to the audience. The sins that Marlowe specifically uses are those of: pride, covetousness, wrath, envy, gluttony, sloth and lechery. Theses sins are colourfully displayed through the character traits of Dr Faustus. In the process we view them and can adapt them to our own lives and how they are all parts to the corruption of our souls. Marlowe reflects ambition in the character of Faustus to deter the audience from being ambitious, and over-reaching their place in the laws of the church. Marlowe uses symbols of religion to fill the play such as the use of the dark arts, angles, demons, God, the Devil, quotes from the bible, the symbol of blood, and the use of the seven sins. With the use of these icons he humours the reader he displays the gullibility of even the greatest leaders. In the prologue, Marlowe introduces us to Dr Faustus via the chorus. Here we are told of the life of an ordinary man, born to modest people. This piece tells us that in the new age of the Renaissance, a common-born scholar like Faustus, is as important as any king or warrior, and his story is worthy of being told. Also state is that Dr Faustuss swelling pride will lead to his downfall. Here we are addressed with a precursor of what is about to happen and how it is to be facilitated, again by one mans desire to destroy himself in respect to Godliness. In act one, Marlowe portrays Faustus as being over-ambitious by his turning to magic, which is a much more sinister and much less conventional pursuit than others that he had been discussing previously. Faustus hopes that magic will make him omnipotent and god-like. Through out the next few acts we see Dr Faustus disregard the teachings against the seven deadly sins with his trickery and debauchery. The great doctor Faustus has the seven deadly sins entrenched in his life and they are displayed by his various actions during the play. The first deadly sin was that of pride. Dr Faustus saw himself as in comparison to others in a competitive nature. Pride and vanity are competitive. This was done in Act One when he sits there and tells the audience of his accomplishments and wishes for more glory. The second is covetousness, it is manifested in the play through various actions. Faustus demonstrates this in various scenes, when he evokes the devils magic, the want of a wife, and the overall actions of his character portray his pursuit of knowledge and glory. Usually this sin is manifested through sex, power, or image which demises the self control and can suffocate the soul. It is the self-destructive drive for pleasure which is out of control. Faustus does this when he performs his silly tricks for self indulgence. Wrath is the third sin. Life And Death In John Keats EssayBefore Faustus dies he seems to think he sees the blood of Christ streak across the sky. To Christians the symbol of blood means life and communion of the Christian belief. Christian virtues are being inspected with the use of temptation, and sin. Prominent token head figures are also being scrutinized they are placed in the story for aid or to reveal their sins. With each of these symbols the author adds shock value to the play. Using the head of the Catholic Church for humour is another twist that Marlowe has woven into the play. The pope and his courtiers are being made fun of; they do not see the stupid tricks that are being played on them show their earthy insolence. These people represent the cornerstones of the church; they are being played with, and rendered idiots of the unknown. The use of redemption is the various characters that speak to Faustus and bid him to leave the dark arts and pick up the scriptures or in other words return to Gods light. Even the demonic spirits tell Faustus of the impending horrors of death but he does not abide to the forewarnings. This only shows that mankind has self direction he may chose what he wants to follow. Even if the out come is negative Gods light is usually eternal and all we need is to ask for help. The damnation with in the text is obvious as in the opening scene with the chorus, the death of mans body but worse the death of his soul. His corruption of earthly knowledge and possessions only grants the eternal demise. The main character Dr Faustus is a tragic hero; in the process of the play he destroys himself but in the same step he sarcastically displays the audiences own idiosyncrasies. The on going theme within the story has been the use of religious icons and beliefs. We have seen the use of the seven deadly sins as well as the patriarchs of faith and politics corrupted by a jester in their court. During an in class discussion we were told that the play was written by Marlowe in response to the teachings of John Calvin. Munteanu, 2002. Therefore it can be said that Marlowe is attempting to alter the doctrines his fellow country men with whom are questioning their religions. Marlowe uses the renaissance ideals with the medieval myths to master his point. This work is a forewarning of damnation by those who attempt to alter the doctrines or moral standards, and a beacon of caution to those in search of the unknown. Dr Faustus, the work of good and evil. When man becomes idle his mind wanders and he wants more. With the wealth of knowledge Dr Faustus wanted more, he was no longer content with his academia since they could no longer provide him with wealth and fame as well as fulfill his souls want, he turned to the mastering of the dark arts.